英語口語考試經(jīng)驗總結
Fluencyandcoherence
speaksatlengthwithoutnoticeableeffortorlossofcoherencemaydemonstratelanguage-relatedhesitationattimes,orsomerepetitionand/orself-correctionusesarangeofconnectivesanddiscoursemarkerswithsomeflexibility
用最簡單的中文理解就是:順其自然,感覺在聊天。也就是說,核心詞是:自然(Justletnaturethakeitscourse)!其實,想想平時聊天說話的時候,我們也會偶爾猶豫一下,也會偶爾重復使用某個詞兒,也會偶爾自我更新一下發(fā)音,但這都是基于一種順其自然的、甚至是一種本能的自我調整。所以,基于這種判斷,在進考場之前,請你們不斷給自己一個心理暗示:“我又不是上法庭答辯,又不是開記者招待會,我來不就是跟你這個破老外聊聊天嘛!任何一個正常的人都會說錯話,都會用錯字眼,都會重復使用某些詞,但這完全不代表我們的口頭表達能力有問題。
Lexicalresource
usesvocabularyresourceflexiblytodiscussavarietyoftopicsusessomelesscommonandidiomaticvocabularandshowssomeawarenessofstyleandcollocation,withsomeinappropriatechoicesusesparaphraseeffectively
用最簡單的中文理解就是:用詞到位,解釋清楚。在這里,我想說的一點是:請你不要把口語當成寫作,請你不要寫作用的大詞搬到口語中來,這是很要命的。說話是否有魅力不在于你是否使用了什么“之乎者也”的大詞,而在于你是否清晰地呈獻出你想表達的思維邏輯。不光是英文,中文也是如此,請你想想為什么郎咸平教授的演講那么有魅力那么受觀眾的青睞,他從來不說什么高深的、“xx主義”之類的理論,卻又能用很簡單的語言去很好地表達了那些理論所蘊含的內在邏輯,就連七八十歲的老太太都聽得懂他說的是什么。這話扯遠了,我想說的是,請你不要首先著急背什么詞匯,用什么句型。這不是寫作,這是口語!關鍵是“先有觀點,再有詞匯”,然后順著“復雜中文>簡單中文>簡單英文>復雜英文”的思路來組織語言。單詞固然重要,但它絕對不能妨礙我們的思考和表達,更加不能為了用某個詞而讓我們的觀點妥協(xié)了。在下文我會一個一個topic的分析,究竟我們需要什么樣的詞匯,怎么鋪排這些詞匯
Grammaticalrangeandaccuracy
usesarangeofcomplexstructureswithsomeflexibilityfrequentlyproduceserror-freesentences,thoughsomegrammaticalmistakespersist
用最簡單的中文理解就是:句式結構多樣性和允許語法錯誤。請注意,這里的句式結構多樣性沒有寫作的那樣復雜。本人覺得在句子結構多樣性方面,你可以著重從并列句,轉折句,定語從句,狀語從句(地點狀語從句,時間狀語從句),賓語從句,虛擬語氣(特別是“ifIwas/were.。。,Iwould.。!焙汀皐ithout.。。,Iwould”),表語從句(例如:thereasonbehindthissituationisthat.。。。),被動語態(tài)等方面努力。請你盡量少用、甚至不要用強調句,主語從句,同位語從句等句型,因為這些句式太容易導致自己思維錯亂和表達不清。其實說實在地,在悉尼大學上了三年的課,也沒見多少教授喜歡運用復雜句型來講課。簡單句(主語+謂語+賓語)永遠都應該是口語的主角。至于常見的語法無非就是如下三種:沒有區(qū)分名詞單復數(shù),沒有注意動詞單復數(shù)和時態(tài),錯用he和she.只要克服這三個最基本也是最最最主要的語法錯誤,老外就會默認你沒有語法錯誤了。
Pronunciation
showsallthepositivefeaturesofBand6andsome,butnotall,ofthepositivefeaturesofBand8
Band8
usesawiderangeofpronunciationfeaturessustainsflexibleuseoffeatures,withonlyoccasionallapsesiseasytounderstandthroughout;L1accenthasminimaleffectonintelligibility
Band6
usesarangeofpronunciationfeatureswithmixedcontrolshowssomeeffectiveuseoffeaturesbutthisisnotsustainedcangenerallybeunderstoodthroughout,thoughmispronunciationofindividualwordsorsoundsreducesclarityattimes
說到發(fā)音,這就是我的絕對弱項。你說發(fā)音很重要吧,它確實很重要,能有一口純真的英音或者美音能給考官特別好的印象。但是,發(fā)音,說實話,也不是那么樣的重要。但這并不妨礙獲得7分甚至更高。我的朋友Peter發(fā)音也不算太好,但是他照樣拿9分。其實我覺得劍橋雅思在這面還是挺體貼世界各地的考生的,它比較理解各地的考生由于方言的影響而無法達到nativespeaker的水平。發(fā)音不好并不代表意思表達差,有方言口音并不妨礙交流對話的進行。當然,我并是說發(fā)音真的不需要注意。但是我想說的是,與其花大力氣去做一些低產(chǎn)出的事情,還不如集中力量考慮口語的答題模式改善發(fā)音的方法有很多,而且是見仁見智,唯一肯定的是,它需要長時間的模仿和訓練。
我本人比較推介的方法是:買或者下載《李陽標準美音》(這個系列比較好,因為MP3里面詳細解釋了每個音應該怎么發(fā),用嘴的哪個位置,而且它還配有對應的、典型的單詞以及例句,這本身就是很好的口語素材),然后平時泛聽并模仿,特別是有針對性地對自己說得比較差的幾個音進行重點轟炸。
我朋友George(口語8分)的方法是,每天堅持聽BBC新聞廣播,然后不斷地重復跟讀我朋友Jeffrey(口語8.5分)的方法是,每天堅持練英語繞口令半小時,盡可能地把自己的口腔肌肉都訓練得非常麻利。
我朋友Peter(口語9分)的方法是,長期觀看美劇,聽英文歌曲,然后體會其語境并且跟讀。
總體來說,當然如果你下周或者一個月之內就要考試的話,我覺得我朋友的那些方法對你來說基本是meaningless.練習發(fā)音真的是一個很漫長的過程。而且它的投入和產(chǎn)出不成正比。最可怕的是你學得四不像,這樣就更丟人更容易失分了。
最近看到烤鴨們的評論說,"雅思口語嘛,就是老老實實背topics吧",這不禁讓我想起了四年前的自己,想起那些昏天暗地沒完沒了的背書日子,想起那些一脫稿就思緒凌亂、一卡殼就目瞪口呆的經(jīng)歷。是的,我承認,無論學什么語言都要經(jīng)歷“背書學話調整”這樣一個或長或短的試錯過程(trialanderror)。畢竟,我們都不是生來就會帶著一本語法書(Afterall,wearenotbornwithagrammarbook)。但是,是不是把所有topics都準備了,都背熟了,就可以征服雅思口語的呢?從個人的經(jīng)驗來說,這樣的做法無法讓我們很好地駕馭英語和自由地表達觀點,并且只會讓自己無時無刻沉溺于那些提前寫好的字字句句當中,然后說著說著,言語就變得僵化,答題就變得死板,甚至說一些牛頭不對馬嘴(horses"jawsdon"tmatchcows"heads)的話來。那豈不很矛盾嗎?一邊又說要準備topics,熟記topics,一邊又說要臨場發(fā)揮,自由表達。是的,正是因為這樣,我們就需要有一個系統(tǒng)的口語復習過程,背topics只是這個過程里最不起作用的一個環(huán)節(jié)。
本人也曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過這么一個過程:背別人的答案(成績一直徘徊在5~6分)>背自己的答案(成績穩(wěn)定在6分卻不能再突破)>說自己的故事(一下子跨過了7分的門檻)。從背稿到聊天,其實是一個質變的過程。決定這個過程的快慢不在于我們背誦topics的多少,而且在于我們自己思維邏輯的轉變。何謂思維邏輯的轉變?
首先,我們得先熟悉雅思口語的三個部分要求是什么。
PART1:這個階段主要是一個讓考生熱身(warm-up),讓考官初步了解考生(gainfirstimpressionfromcandidates)的過程。這個部分的核心詞是:
description.考官想測試你一下對客觀事物的英文描述能力,也就是說(thatistosay),考官問的絕大數(shù)問題都是你的所見所聞,你要做的就是一五一十地羅列和陳述。簡單來說,這部分的重點就是“說說家常,聊聊生活”。
PART2:這個階段開始處于一個過渡階段,核心詞是:description+explanation.卡片的設計都是從what,who,where,when過渡到how&why.很多烤鴨包括很多中國老師都認為,在這個section里面最為重要的就是回答卡片的最后一個問題,也就是explain.按照他們的邏輯,假如只顧著回答前面的what,who,when,where的問題而沒來及說how&why,分數(shù)必定被拉低。事實是這樣嗎?實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準(practiceisthesolecriterionfortestingtruth)。我最近考的三次(201*年2月12日,2月26日,3月5日)在回答Part2卡片題的時候都沒來得及或者沒答完最后那個問題就被考官打住了;但這不妨礙我拿到7分以上。所以我總結得出,重點不是你是否機械般地把題目回答完,而是你是否把所有的問題整合一個屬于你的故事,整理出一個很清晰的脈絡。簡單來說,這部分的重點是“說說故事,聊聊感想”。
PART3:這個階段已經(jīng)過渡到需要你的explanation了。這個部分毫無疑問是搶分的黃金機會,也是露家底的時候。如果說,part2topics還能事先準備的話,那么這部分的問題大部分都是即興的,互動的,彈性的。要把這部分的題目提前準備,幾乎不可能,或者說是,大海撈針(justlikelookingforaneedleinahaystack),事倍功半(gethalftheresultswithtwicetheeffort)。這里的重點是解釋說明。通常解釋說明分為:舉例子說明(useanexampletoillustrate),分析前因后果(interpretthecauseandeffect)和縱向橫向比較(compareinverticaland/orhozontialdirection)。點不需要多,但一定要深入,合理,有邏輯。所以我認為這部分的重點是“說說道理,聊聊影響”。更多資訊
擴展閱讀:英語口語學習及心得
英語口語學習及心得
BEC2口語05年12月考試情況考生反饋
最牛英語口語培訓模式:躺在家里練口語,全程外教一對一,三個月暢談無阻!太平洋英語,免費體驗全部外教一對一課程:
PART1OPENQUESTIONS開放式問題(TRACY備注:并非一個人的問題,每個人問了其中一兩個,問過你PARTNER的問題很可能立刻問你,Whatdoyouthinkofit?所以要傾聽考官和你PARTNER的對話。)
BEC中級考試口語部分前程模擬
PART2注意提問要和對方講的東西有關系,所以最好說:Justnowyoumentioned…,myquestionsis……
BEC-2模擬考試TRACY反饋
1.避免托腮講話,可以一手拿紙,一手拿筆。2.不要在考官給出的試題紙上做筆記,自帶紙筆。
3.沒有任何的必要緊張,說話清晰比說得快但是考官聽起來費力要好得多。
4.多數(shù)考官根本不會看你,而是低頭看自己的筆記(讓考官面對考生笑一天還不累死他/她?)。5.你自己愿意低頭看著筆記講還是抬頭看著考官講都無所謂。PART1
1.把話說完整
2.盡量回答考官提問,而不是回避沒有準備的問題。3.請避免小的語法錯誤,如:
a)Icame(to)herebybustoday.b)Iprefertobus.PARTII
1.太急于抄題,而忽略了思考?脊俣鄶(shù)會允許你看著題目講,即使不允許,你首先可以要求再看
一眼,其次:思考比抄寫重要得多。解決辦法:請盡量在平時練習中脫稿。
2.觀點不足,有的同學40秒結束戰(zhàn)斗。請記。罕淮驍啾葧r間不夠要強得多得多。解決知道:自己
編寫一些題目練習,可以和PARTNER互相出題給對方。
3.不敢多說。有的同學英語比較好,但是說完PROMPTS就結束了。而想要得到最高級別的分數(shù),
能否給出更多觀點就是一個評價尺度。
4.中式英語。只有1%的同學能夠完全引用聽力磁帶中的幾個句子,10%的同學能夠完整引用老師上
課和書上的句子,其余的同學全部用自己的英文表達。解決辦法:你能背誦至少100句原句嗎?50句?背誦,然后用一模一樣的句子表達出來,就是高分!
5.發(fā)音問題,例如:presentation,presenttheproducts,morale,think,不模仿磁帶就不是學英文。
提問部分:
1.提問的水平是決定是否給你1等的關鍵,如果你說Whichfactorwillyougivemoreweightto?或者Doyou
giveequalweighttothesetwofactors?英語好人盡量要問出有質量的問題。2.考官問:Whowillstartthetalkfirst?你可以說:Iwill.或者說Iwillgo.
3.考官問:Whichtopichaveyouchosen?你可以說:IhavechosenB.然后直接開始陳述,不要再等考官問你
areyoureadytostart?4.提問的步驟:
a)聽對方說出一個完整的意思就可以不聽了,如對方說:Whenweofferincentivestostaff,weshould
considertheircurrentperformance.
b)你可以在紙上記錄incentives,current,performance,然后利用任何一個單詞造個句子:i.Personally,doyouworkhardforincentives?ii.Willyoualsoconsiderpastperformance?iii.Howdoyoumeasuretheirperformances?iv.如果你實在沒有聽懂對方說什么,請你不要只是問:Whichfactorwillyougivemoreweightto?而
是多說一點:
英語口語學習及心得
1.Iunderstandyoujustmentionedseveralfactors.Myquestionis,personally,doyougiveequal
weighttothesefactors?
c)如果對方聽不懂你的問題,請你不要再把問題重復一遍,而是換個方式來問,或者加上手勢,或者把
問題的關鍵點在問之前就寫在紙上,給你PARTNER迅速看一眼。
PARTIII
1.審題不細致,看了一個自己熟悉的小點就拼命說,而忽略了整個題目,審查題目最重要。2.過分追求把觀點記錄下來,忽略了交流和思考。很多觀點是一邊討論一邊想出來的。3.不要卑鄙地念一遍題目,然后問對方:Doyouhaveanyideas?應該是自己有觀點,問對方:Whatdoyouthink
then?
如何練習(以1小時為例)
1.請用10分鐘模仿聽力磁帶,聽一句,暫停模仿一句。2.10分鐘對自己講話(盡量用書上的表達方式),例如:聽力磁帶當中有這樣一段:Actuallyit’sabitheavyfor
me.Idon’treallyeatmeat.Giventhechoice,I’dprefersalads.那么你可以根據(jù)這段變成自己的話:NowIhavetwoAmericanvisitors.Iwouldaskthemwhatfoodtheyprefer,becausemanyforeignersfindChinesefoodveryheavy.Theymayprefersaladssometimes.3.背誦原句,向著100句的方向努力吧。
4.互相給對方出題目,出什么題目都可以,例如:Doyouwanttoshareanofficewithothers?Shouldweorganize
apartyeachmonth?5.自己編寫一些題目。
商務背景知識充電TRACY備注:
有關人力資源
1.如何招聘
a)列出需要招聘的崗位和工作職責;
b)最好先進行內部競聘,這是鼓勵員工在公司內部長期發(fā)展的一個有效手段;c)內部沒有合適的候選人可以開展外部招聘或者獵頭服務d)在報紙或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上刊登招聘廣告e)進行面試,確定人選2.你如何看待內部招聘?
a)機會首先留給已經(jīng)為公司發(fā)展做出貢獻的人,可以鼓勵員工在公司內部長期發(fā)展;b)當招聘崗位較少的時候,內部招聘可以降低招聘成本,不必打招聘廣告;c)內部招聘上崗的人熟悉公司操作,更加適應工作;
d)內部招聘也有一些缺點,例如因為有一定的感情因素而可能不夠客觀嚴格;競聘不成功的候選人可能情緒受到影響等
等。人力資源工作要盡量關注到這些細節(jié)。
3.你如何看待獵頭服務?
a)通常來說,企業(yè)只有在招聘難得的高級人才,專業(yè)人才的時候才會用到獵頭服務;b)獵頭服務相對價格較高,但是人才無價,必要的時候企業(yè)可以求助獵頭服務。4.如何使新員工盡快適應工作?
a)公司應該有一套完整的[新員工培訓手冊],包括公司的文化,公司的產(chǎn)品和服務規(guī)范等等;b)可以指定一個具體的負責人來對新員工進行培訓,這樣可以及時解答新員工的疑問;c)允許新員工在工作中學習并成長,因為在實踐中學習是最有效率的。5.如何確保老員工得到有效的培訓
a)企業(yè)應當有固定的培訓經(jīng)費;
b)關于培訓內容,一定要征求員工的意見,選擇員工認為最實用的項目進行培訓;
c)關于培訓時間,盡量不要占用員工的業(yè)余時間,否則容易使員工產(chǎn)生逆反心理;安排日程盡量選擇在業(yè)務的淡季,避
免影響日常工作。
6.如何選擇外部培訓機構
a)選擇知名的培訓機構,聲譽往往是質量的保證;
b)選擇價格合理的培訓機構,或者培養(yǎng)長期合作關系以獲得更優(yōu)惠的價格;
c)征求員工的意見很重要,我們可以把幾家公司的培訓內容,課程安排等提供給員工,由大家來共同討論,做出明智的
選擇。
7.如何對員工進行績效評估?
a)要設計一個公平公開的評估系統(tǒng),對于銷售市場等可以按照實際工作業(yè)績進行考評,而對于人力資源,行政等職位則
要考慮到很多綜合因素,如:上級評價,特殊成就,其他員工對其工作的滿意程度等等;
英語口語學習及心得
b)績效評估要和工資和獎金掛鉤,以調動員工的積極性;
c)績效評估盡可能要以客觀事實和工作成果為依據(jù),以保證員工認可其公平性。8.解雇員工都有哪些注意事項?
a)因為公司裁員而解雇員工要根據(jù)勞動法給予補償;b)因為員工過錯而解雇員工要有確鑿的證據(jù);
c)解雇員工是個謹慎的決定,在某些時候,解雇員工比招聘一個員工更為昂貴,所以,招聘到合適的員工是避免解雇的
第一步。
9.什么樣的員工可以獲得升職?
a)有突出的工作業(yè)績;在公司運做中結果說明一切,所以業(yè)績是第一要素;b)有良好的工作態(tài)度和公司忠誠度,這樣的員工可以在公司長期發(fā)展。10.如何面試求職者
a)創(chuàng)造比較輕松的面試氛圍,讓求職者放松地展現(xiàn)自己的能力;
b)利用小組討論,現(xiàn)場技能測試等多種方式,盡可能從各個角度上觀察求職者的表現(xiàn);
c)安排盡可能多的人員面試求職者,綜合大家的意見,避免某個面試官因主觀好惡影響招聘。11.希望招到什么樣的求職者?
a)能盡快適應工作的求職者最受歡迎,他們要么有足夠的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗,要么表現(xiàn)出了非常強的快速學習能力;b)求職者對于所應聘的行業(yè)和職位有著長遠的職業(yè)發(fā)展計劃,這樣的員工比較穩(wěn)定。c)具有團隊合作精神的人。12.員工喜歡什么樣的福利待遇?
a)醫(yī)療保險,養(yǎng)老保險,年假是必要的福利待遇;
b)某些福利如獎勵性旅游,獎勵性現(xiàn)金,公司車,生日禮物等都能夠激勵員工;c)員工希望靈活的福利,如休假可以累積或者折合現(xiàn)金等。13.如何激勵員工的工作熱情?
a)有競爭性的工資和福利;
b)員工可以獲得升職的機會,可以在公司有長遠的發(fā)展;c)舒適的辦公條件,公平公開的公司文化14.如何減少合格員工的流失?(同上題)15.你怎樣看待著裝規(guī)范?
a)著裝規(guī)范完全取決于公司的性質,服務性質的公司諸如商店,飯店適合統(tǒng)一著裝;
b)幕后工作的人通常不必統(tǒng)一著裝,但是要遵守一定的著裝規(guī)范,例如穿著正裝,不能過分暴露等等。16.
個人如何找工作
1.如何挑選工作
a)挑選感興趣的行業(yè)和職責b)有競爭力的工資和福利c)長遠的職業(yè)發(fā)展機會2.如何準備面試3.如果進行面試
4.如何盡快適應新工作5.如何獲得升職
6.喜歡什么樣的老板7.喜歡什么樣的同事8.喜歡什么樣的辦公環(huán)境
關于公司地址和公司的硬件條件
1.如何選擇辦公地址2.如何選擇零售店地址
3.哪些設備是辦公所必須的
4.怎么樣滿足員工對辦公環(huán)境的需求5.如何減少辦公對環(huán)境所造成的污染6.怎么樣購買新設備
7.怎么樣解決SHARE辦公設備所帶來的問題8.公司車是否必要9.
關于公司運營范圍的問題
1.新公司選擇什么樣的行業(yè)進入2.如果增加新的經(jīng)營范圍
英語口語學習及心得
3.
市場問題
1.市場調查的重要性2.如何進行市場調查3.如何保住現(xiàn)有市場4.如何開拓新市場5.如何打廣告
6.如何進行政府公關7.如何利用媒體的軟廣告8.如何維護與媒體的關系9.如何處理市場危機10.如果促進品牌形象11.如何設計好的促銷方式12.如何研究競爭對手13.如何確保價格的競爭性
14.如何盡量減少市場開支,但是確保良好的效果
1.如何建立并穩(wěn)定銷售隊伍2.如何培訓銷售人員
3.如何招聘到最好的銷售代表4.如果設立提成獎勵模式
5.如何尋找并管理,如何培訓經(jīng)銷商6.如何建立銷售模式7.如果開拓銷售渠道8.銷售經(jīng)理的職責9.如何處理惡性競爭10.如何處理顧客投訴
1.公關與市場工作有什么區(qū)別2.公關應具備什么樣的素質3.如何做好公關工作
1.如果維護客戶關系2.如何接待客戶
3.如果給客戶送禮物
4.過年過節(jié)日是否應該給顧客送禮物5.如何維護客戶關系
6.如果避免老客戶被競爭對手拉走7.如何爭取新客戶
8.如何鼓勵客戶對產(chǎn)品和服務提出意見9.傾聽顧客意見的重要性
1.進行商務談判要注意什么
2.部門內部多長時間開一次會議合適?3.如何與客戶開會
4.如何確保會議的高效率5.開會前要做什么準備工作6.開大型會議要注意什么
7.開商品展示訂貨會要注意什么
8.如何確定是否參加異地的商品交易會9.如何在商品交易會達到最理想的效果10.選派什么人參加商品交易會11.你怎么樣看遠程電子會議
1.售后服務的重要性2.如何作好售后服務
銷售
公關
客戶關系
開會
售后服務
4英語口語學習及心得
3.遇到投訴怎么處理
和國外有關
1.和外國以及外國人有關系的2.到外國開拓市場3.外國顧客來到公司4.與外國人一起同事
5.如果在國外舉辦商品介紹會
采購
1.如果選擇供應商2.采購的步驟
3.采購人員應該具備的素質4.如何采購辦公設備5.采購原材料注意事項
6.你如何看待網(wǎng)絡采購和郵購
1.管理者的責任2.管理者的素質
3.如何做一名出色的部門經(jīng)理4.如何招聘管理者
5.什么樣的管理培訓有作用6.怎么樣提高公司的管理水平7.如何處理頻繁遲到的員工8.如何應對員工的抱怨9.如果處理性騷擾問題10.如何合理應對加班工作11.如果確保工作的高效率12.如何管理好自己的時間
13.如何確保與顧客交流的有效率14.如何處理與其他員工的矛盾15.如何面對不同意見16.如何鼓勵員工節(jié)約成本17.如何應付性別歧視18.如何應對過重的工作量19.如何加強部門之間的合作20.財務管理要注意哪些事項21.出差管理都包括哪些內容22.如果確保出差的高效率
23.
出差前都要做什么樣的準備工作
1.如果增加員工之間的溝通2.如何鼓勵員工與上級溝通3.如何增進與顧客的良好溝通4.
1.如何幫助調動到異地的員工盡快適應工作2.如何有效合理調動員工
1.如何在辦公中保護環(huán)境2.如何在生產(chǎn)中保護環(huán)境3.如何增強員工的環(huán)境意識
1.如何減少工傷
2.如何增強員工的安全意識
1.如何降低管理成本2.如何減低運輸成本
管理
Communication調動員工
environmentalreporthealthandsafetybusinessexpenses5
英語口語學習及心得
3.4.5.6.1.
a)b)c)d)2.3.
如何降低生產(chǎn)成本如何降低市場成本如何降低銷售成本如何降低服務成本
包裝
如何設計包裝
It’seasytouseandcarry.Itlooksattractive.
Itisenvironmentallyfriendly.Itislessexpensive.如何降低包裝成本
如何在包裝環(huán)境保護環(huán)境
項目管理
1.i.ii.2.
i.ii.3.
i.ii.iii.
如何管理一個項目
有好的團隊,尤其是團隊經(jīng)理明確的日程和時間觀念
如何確定項目經(jīng)理和項目小組的人選具有專業(yè)知識和技能具有良好的溝通能力
如何面對小組內部意見不一致項目經(jīng)理進行協(xié)調加強溝通
進一步分析矛盾,知道達成共識
口語部分
PreparationforPartOne(Interview)
Inthefirstpartofthetest,theinterlocutoraddresseseachcandidateinturnandasksgeneralquestions.Candidateswillnotbeaddressedinstrictsequence.Thispartofthetestlastsaboutthreeminutesandduringthistime,candidatesarebeingtestedontheirabilitytotalkaboutthemselves,toprovidepersonalinformationontheirhome,interestsandjobs,andtoperformfunctionssuchasagreeinganddisagreeing,andexpressingpreference.Sequence:
1.Introductionofpeopleconcerned2.Marksheetsrequired3.TopicsandQuestions
Questionsaboutcandidates’namesandhometownsWhat’syourname?
Howtospellyourname?
Howdoyouspellyourfamilyname/surname/lastname?Whereareyoufrom?
Wouldyousayit’sagoodplacetolivein?(why)Doyoulikelivingin…?(why)
Wherewouldyouratherlive,…or…?(why)
Doyouthinkitwouldbebettertolivein…or…?(why)Doyoucomefromalargefamilyorasmallone?Canyoutellmeabitabout…inyourfamily?
Questionsaboutcandidates’identity---workorstudyDoyouworkorareyouastudent?
英語口語學習及心得
Whatdoyoudo?Whatdoyoustudy?What’syourmajor?
Whatdoyoulikemostaboutyourjob?Whatdoyoulikemostaboutyourstudies?PreparationforPartTwo(MiniPresentations)
Thesecondpartofthetestisa“mini-presentation”.Inthispart,thecandidatesaregivenachoiceoftopicandaboutoneminutetoprepareapieceofextendedspeech.Aftereachcandidatehasspoken,theirpartnerwillbeinvitedtoaskaquestionaboutwhathasbeensaid.Sequence:
1.Achoiceof3topics
2.Preparationforoneminute3.Giveaone-minutepresentation
4.Partner’squestionafterpresentation
PreparationforPartThree(CollaborativeTaskandDiscussion)
Thethirdpartofthetestisatwo-wayconversation(three-wayinathreecandidateformat)betweencandidates.Theinterlocutorgivescandidatesatopictodiscuss.Thecandidatesareaskedtospeaktogetherforaboutthreeminutes.Theinterlocutorwillsupporttheconversationifappropriateandthenaskfurtherquestionsrelatedtothemaintheme.Directions:
1.30secondstaskreadingandthinking2.3minutesdiscussing3.Nowriting
Appendix:ModelAnswerstoPartTwo
TaskSheet1
A:Whatisimportantwhenselectingapplicantsforajoboremployeesforpromotion?
Ibelieveitisveryimportantforemployerstoobservetheapplicants’oremployees’interpersonalskillswhentheymaketheirselection.Wecannotjustwitnesstheacademyawardperformanceoftheapplicantsoremployees.Weneedtoaskquestionsregardingtheapplicant’sinterpersonalrelationshipswithpeopleinothersocialandcivicsituations.Mostjobsarenotperformedinisolationandtheneedtointeractisoftenessential.Infact,mostfailuresintheworkplacearenotduetolackoftechnicalability,butrathertoshortcomingsininterpersonalcompetence.Anindividualmaybeahighlyskilledworker.However,ifheorshecannotworkwellwithotheremployees,chancesforsuccessareslim.Thisisespeciallytrueintoday’sworldwithincreasingemphasisbeingplacedontheuseofteam.
B:Whatisimportantwhenchoosinganewsupplier?
Ithinkreputationisanimportantelementwehavetoconsiderwhenwechooseanewsupplier.Thesupplierwearegoingtocooperatewithshouldbeanestablishedpartnerwhocanprovidethespecialistexpertiseandapplicationsourbusinessneeds.Hecanback-uphisserviceandhispartners"applicationswithaflexiblerangeofproducts.
Ifoursupplierenjoysahighreputation,hewillguaranteehisservices,preferablythroughaservicelevelagreement
英語口語學習及心得
thatsetsoutavailability,performancelevelsandresponsetimes.Andwillhavethefinancialstabilitytoguaranteethefutureofhisservice.
Generallyspeakingifourbusinessisgrowing,weneedtolookforscalability.Asupplerwithhighreputationhasthecapabilitytoofferservicesthatcangrowasourbusinessexpands-withoutcostlyreconfigurationorupgrades.
C:What’simportantwhenaimingtoimproveproductionquality?
WeshouldattachgreatimportancetoR&Dwhenweaimtoimproveproductionquality.
Anyfar-sightedentrepreneurwillhavetoacknowledgethatintoday’scompetitivemarket,abusinesscanonlysurvivebyimprovingproductionquality.Wethereforeshouldrecognizetheimportanceofinnovationanddevelopmentandsetuparesearchanddevelopmentdepartmentinourcompany,staffedwithexperiencedresearchersandengineerstrainedtodevelopthelatesttechnologyintheindustry.
Withallthismoderntechnology,wewillbeabletoincreaseproductivity,maximizeproductionoutputandenhancethequalityofourproducts.Thus,wewillabletoundertakecomplexproductionprocessandensurethattheproducts’qualitymeetsourclients’expectations.
Inourmovetobemoregloballycompetitive,weshouldstrivetoachieveinternationallyrecognizedqualitystandardsthroughR&D.
TaskSheet2
A:What"simportantwhenpreparingforajobinterview?
Theinterviewitselfisanexerciseintwo-waycommunicationbetweentherecruiterandyou.Thereforethefirstimportantstepwhenpreparingforajobinterviewistostudythejobadvertisement.Youshouldreadthejobdescriptioncarefullyandunderstandthecontent.
Yournextstepistofindoutallyoucanaboutthecompany.Informationmaybeavailablefromthebusinesspagesinvariousnewspapers,tradepublicationsandcompanyannualreports,aswellastheUniversityCollegelibrary.Asabareminimumyoushouldknowwhatproductsthecompanyproducesortheservicesitprovidesandwhereitislocated.Asfarasdressisconcerned,beneatlyandconservativelydressed.Yourmannerandattitudeshouldreflectthetypeofpersonyouareorwouldliketobe.Recruitersaregenerallyquitegoodatdetectingthepersonwho"putsonanact",sojustbeyourself!
B:What"simportantwhendecidingwhethertoattendaconference?
Whenyoudecidetoattendaconferenceyoumustfirstcheckthequalityofthespeaker.Thatistosaythespeakersinvitedtodeliverspeechesduringtheconferenceshouldbequalified.Iftheconferenceorganizersselecttherightkeynotespeakerstheywillhaveanexcellentwaytobegintheirconferencesandcreateexcitementfortheirattendees.Qualifiedspeakerscanhelpalottosetthetoneoftheconferenceonahighlevel.
Fromtheaudience’spointsofview,qualifiedspeakersaregoodatdefiningwhatthemessageoftheeventwillbeandcreatingexcitementfortheremainderoftheconferencetopics.Well-knownspeakersalsocandrawattendeesandboostattendance.Eventheportionoftheaudiencewhomightnotholdthesameinterestsasthemajoritystillwillbeinterestedinwhatthespeakerhastosay.
Aconferenceequippedwithwiselyselectedspeakersmustbeanexcellentone.
C:What"simportantwhendevelopingnewproducts?
Inmyopinionmarketresearchshouldbethefirstconsiderationwhenwedevelopnewproducts.Ourcustomers’tastesandrequirementshavetobetakenintoaccountifournewproductsarenottobeleftunsold.Thatistosayournew
英語口語學習及心得
productsneedtobeavailableintherightquantity,attherightplace,attherightpriceandattherighttime.Whendevelopingnewproducts,weshouldaskourselves:“whatdocustomersneedwhichtheydonotalreadyhave?”and“inwhatformwouldtheypreferthegoods(orservices)whichtheyarepersistentlymissing?”.Weneedtoapproachtheseproblemssensitivelybyconductingmarketresearch.Infactabusinesscanonlysurviveifitisabletoanticipatetheneedsofconsumersandcontinuetodoso.
TaskSheet3
A:What"simportantwhenselectingajobtoapplyfor?
B:What"simportantwhenchoosingamagazinetobuyregularly?C:What"simportantwhenchoosingabusinessbooktostudyfrom?
TaskSheet4
A:What"simportantwhengivingapresentation?
Weshouldfirstpayattentiontothetypesofouraudiences.Generallyspeakingouraudiencescanbedividedintoseveraltypesduringthepresentation.Someaudiencesareexpertsinthesub-areawearetalkingabout,someareexpertsinthegeneralarea,andothersknowlittleornothing.Thereforewhenwegivethepresentation,Mostaudiencesshouldbeaddressedinlayers.Thatistosaywemustdecidewhoismostimportanttous.Forexample,wecanpitchthebodytoexperts,butmaketheforecastandsummaryaccessibletoall.Thuswecanensureeveryoneduringthepresentationissatisfiedtogetwhattheywantandtheywillallregardourpresentationfruitfulandeffective.
B:What"simportantwhenchoosingabusinesscoursetoattend?
Consideringthetypeofthecourseanddecidingwhichtypesuitsyouisveryimportantwhenyouchooseabusinesscoursetoattend.Youshouldfirstconsiderthetype,namelythesessionformatwhenchoosingsessionstoattend.Conferencestypicallyofferavarietyofsessionformats--suchaspresentations,workshops,demonstrations,andprogressionsthateachrequireorinvitedifferentlevelsofattendeeparticipation.Therefore,youshouldfirstexaminethetypesofsessionsattheconference,andchooseonesthatsuityourpreferencesandneeds.
Decidingtheappropriatetypeinadvancecanhelpyoufindoutwhatprerequisiteknowledgeyouneedforeachsession,andyoucandoyourhomeworkaheadoftime,ifnecessary.Youwillgetmoreoutofasessionifyouhavetheknowledgebaseexpected,ratherthantryingtocatchupduringthesessionitself.
C:What"simportantwhenchoosingalanguagecourse?
Lengthofcourseisoneofthemostimportantconsiderationsinchoosingalanguagecourse.
Whenweattendalanguagecourse,assimilatingnewinformation,repetitionandreinforcementareimperativeforus.Thereforeweneedmuchmoretimeandopportunitiestothinkoutquestionsordotasks.Acourseatappropriatelengthalsocangiveusopportunitiestoreinforceorcorrectourownerrorsandworkoutsolutions.
Anotherreasonforalanguagecoursetohaveanappropriatelengthisthatifthecourseistooshortwecannothaveenoughtimetodigestalltheknowledgewe’velearned.Justasanathletemustresttolettheirmusclesgrowandtheirskilllevelincrease,somustalanguagestudentrest,contemplateanddigestnewinformationsothatasolidbasewillformonwhichtobuildfurtherlearning.Thuswecanhaveafreshandeagermindtoacquiremoreinformation.
英語口語學習及心得
TaskSheet5
A:What"simportantwhendecidingwhichtypeofcompanyyouwouldliketoworkfor?
B:What"simportantwhenchoosingamagazinetoadvertiseaproductorservicein?
Whenyouchooseamagazinetoadvertiseyourproductsorservicesin,youshouldfirstensurethatthereadersofthemagazineareyourtargetaudience.Alwaysaskyourselfsuchaquestion:whoandwherearethepeopleyouwantyouradvertisementtoreach?Youshouldtaketimetocarefullydefineyouraudienceandselecttherightmagazinewhichwillhavestrongerappealtoyourtargetaudiencethanothers.Narrowingdownyouraudiencewillhelpyoumakewiseandcost-efficientchoicesduringtheselection.Forexample,ifyouareaproviderofapetproductyoushouldchoosemagazinesforpetownerstoadvertisein.Inaddition,youcanalsolookforspecialadplacements,suchasplacinganadinaspecial,one-timefeaturesectiononpetownershippublishedbythelocalnewspaper.
Onlyinthiswaycanyoumakeyouradvertisementeffectiveandyourinvestmentarewordone.
C:What"simportantwhenplanningbusinesstrips?
Themostimportantthingyouwillhavetodowhenplanningbusinesstripsistofullyunderstandyourpurposeortargetofyourtrips.Youhavetoknowwhatyouaredoing,whatisyourbusinessdoing,whatisyourcompanydoing,what"sitsambitions,what"sitshopes,itsaspirationsandyouhavetohaveavery,veryclearideaaboutthat.Ifyoudon"tknowthatyoushouldn"tbegoinganywhere.
Youshouldsettargetsforthetrip.Ifyouhavestafforyouyourselfaregoing,youshouldhaveaclearsetoftargetsthatyouwishtoachieve.Youshouldalwaysaskyourselfhowmanysuccessfulmeetingsyouwanttoachieveduringthetrip;whenyouwanttoconcludeabusinessdealandhowtoclarifycertainpositionsaboutyourmarkets.Inthiswayyouwillmakeyourtripthemostrewardingone.
TaskSheet6
A:What"simportantwhenchoosingaconferencecenter?
B:What"simportantwhenchoosingabusinessjournal?
Frommypointofviewchoosingabusinessjournalmeanschoosingtherighteditors.Businessjournalsoftenattracttheirreadersbyhiringfamouseditorstowritecommentsorcolumnsforthem.Withspecialtytopicsinbusiness,theseeditorscandevelopsmart,sophisticated,timelybusinessjournalismonadailyandweeklybasis.Theywillbeabletohelpthejournal’sreporterstodefinetheirbeats,outlineandexecutecoveragethatmeetsorexceedsthebeststandardsinthebusiness.Furthermorefamouseditorsarethemselvesprofessionalsinbusinessfieldwhohaveextensiveknowledgeorexperienceinbusinessanddemonstratedabilitytodevelopstrongbeat.
Backedupbyfamouseditorsthebusinessjournalwilldefinitelyhavealargecirculationandcoveravarietyofbusinessdomains,whichwillsuittheneedsofeverybusinessman.
C:What"simportantwhenchoosingabusinesstrainingcourse?
Weshouldfirstgaintheinformationaboutthespeakerstoseeifheorsheisqualifiedtoinstructthecourse.
Asinstructorsduringthecourse,speakersshouldbeabletotransferknowledgeonawidevarietyofbusinessdomains.Thestrengthofaninstructor-ledcoursecomesprimarilyfromtheinstructorinfrontofthestudents,sinceitistheinstructor"sabilitytotransferknowledgethatcanreallydeliverthevalueoftheclass.Thereforeweshouldmakesuretheyareexpertsorprofessionalsinbusinessdomainsbeforewechoosethecourse.Besides,weshouldlookforcertifiedspeakerswithprofoundteachingexperience.Notallthespecialistscanmakethemselvesclearinthetraining
英語口語學習及心得
course.Thespeakersshouldbeabletocommunicatewiththeirstudentsduringthecourseandhelpthemtoprogress.
TaskSheet7
A:What"simportantwhenchoosingthelocationforanewfactory?
Frommypointofview,weshouldfirstfindoutwhetherthereisatransportconnectionnearthetargetareabeforewedecidethelocation.Itisobviousthatnowadaystransportplaysaveryimportantroleinabusiness’soperation.Theworldofbusinessneedsatransportsystemifitistofunctioneffectively.Ontheonehand,rawmaterialshavetobeboughttoournewfactoryforprocessing.Veryoftenthosematerialsneedtobeimportedfromotherareas.Theresourcesofourfactorycanbemadeavailabletoussolongastherearethenecessarymeansoftransport.
Ontheotherhand,duringtheproductionprocesstransportisimportant.Theworkflowwillbedesignedtoensurethatthematerialsbeingprocessedtraveltheshortestpossibledistancealongthefactoryfloor.
Thereforeournewfactoryshouldlocateatatransportconnection.Itmightbearailwayconnection,aseaportoranairport.
B:What"simportantwhenchoosingatrainingvideo?
C:What"simportantwhenplanningabusinesstrip?(Seetasksheet5c)
Sheet8
A:What"simportantwhendecidingwhethertoapplyforanewpost?B:What"simportantwhenorganizinganin-housetrainingcourse?
Thecontentofthecourseisveryimportantwhenweorganizeanin-housetrainingcourse.Wemustchoosetheappropriatecontenttosuittheneedoftheparticipants.Evenaperfectlyconceivedtrainingprogramcanfailifwecannotconvincetheparticipantsthatthecontentofthecourseissystemicallyselected.Participantsmustbelievethatthetrainingcoursehasvalueandwillhelpthemachievetheirpersonalandprofessionalgoals.Thecredibilityofthecoursemaydependonthecontentthatcanlettheparticipantsknowtheobjectivesprogramsandmediasofthecoursebeforethecoursebegins.Therefore,weasorganizersofthetrainingcoursemustfirstensurethatthecontentofthecourseiswhatourparticipantswant.
C:what’simportantwhenrecruitingseniorstaff?
Hiringanestablishedrecruitmentagencytoworkforyouisveryimportantwhenyourecruitseniorstaff.Recruitmentagencyisakindoforganizationthatcanseekthemostqualifiedseniorstaffavailableforaspecificposition.Inyourrecruitmenteffortsyoucanusearecruitmentagencytolocateexperiencedseniorstaff.Mostrecruitmentagenciesnormallydevelopacloserelationshipwiththeirclients.Theywillacquireanintimateknowledgeofyourorganization,yourcorporateculture,yourstructureandthepositiontobefilledinyourcompany.Therecruitmentagency’srepresentativesoftenvisittheirclient’sofficesandinterviewthecompany’smanagement.Thisenablesthemtogainaclearunderstandingofyourcompany’sgoalsandthejobqualificationsrequired.Afterobtainingsomeinformationtheycancontactandinterviewpotentialcandidates,checkreferences,andreferthebest-qualifiedpersontoyouforyourselectiondecision,whichwillmakeyourrecruitmentprocessfarmoreeffectiveandefficient.
Sheet9
A:What"simportantwhenattendinganinterview?
Appearanceisveryimportanttoanapplicantwhenheorsheattendsaninterview.
英語口語學習及心得
Ifyouareanapplicantremembertwoimportantthings:firstdresssmart.Don"tunderestimatethepowerofyourprofessionalappearance.Thisisthefirsttimetheinterviewerwillseeyouand,likeitornot,whatyouwearcouldaffectyourchancesofproceedingtothenextroundofinterviews.
Second,makethebestfirstimpression.Theinterviewbeginsassoonasyouarriveatthecompany.Keepinmindthatyoumaybeevaluatedjustasmuchinthewaitingareaasintheinterviewitself.Makesureyouarefriendlytothereceptionist,officeassistant,oranyoneelsewhomaygreetyoubeforeandaftertheinterview.Usuallyexecutiveswillconsidertheiradministrativeassistant"sopinionofjobcandidatesanimportantpartoftheselectionprocessforpositionsatalllevels.Ifyouarediscourteoustoareceptionistoranyoneelseatthecompany,itwillnegativelyimpactyourchancesofgettingthejob.
B:what’simportantwhenplanningmarketresearch?
Ithinkweshouldfirstworkouttheappropriatetypesofquestionswhenweplanmarketresearch.Forexample,oneofthewaysofcarryingoutmarketresearchistosendquestionnairesthroughtheposttoavarietyofpeoplewethinkmightbeinterestedinourproductorservice.Distanceisnoproblembecausethereisastandardpostalcharge,andthepeoplereceivingthequestionnairecantaketheirtimetoanswerit.
Personalinterviewsareanalternativemethodofconductingmarketresearch.Thesecanbecarefullydesignedsothatsetproceduresarecarriedout.Theinterviewerapproachesapersoninthestreet,orintheirhomeoroffice,andasksaseriesofsetquestions.Theanswerstothequestionsarecarefullyrecorded.
C:what’simportantwhenpredictingprofits?
Youshouldestablishamonitorsysteminthefirstplacetodetectanypossiblecashflowgapwhichwilloccurduringyourproductionandoperation.Thissystemcancalculatethebalancebetweenyourincomeandexpenditureonadailybase.Andshouldtherebeanysignofcashflowproblemsthesystemwillwarnyourstafftodosomethingaboutitbeforehand.
Inordertoachievetheaccuracyyoumustsetupareportsystemwhichdemandseverymanagerreportthecurrentfinancialstatusofhisorherdepartments.Theinformationwillbecollectedeverydayforyoutotakeconsideration.
Tasksheet10
A:what’simportantwhendecidingwhethertoobtainafurtherqualification?B:what’simportantwhenplacinganewspaperadvertisement?
C:what’simportantwhenconsideringwhethertoinvestintechnology?
Tasksheet11
A:What’simportantwhenplanningapresentation?
Whenyouareplanningapresentation,youshouldfirstfindoutsomeinformationaboutyouraudience.Tobeeffective,yourtalkmustbedeliveredatalevelthatisappropriateforyouraudience.Youmustanalyzethebackgroundandexpectationsoftheaudiencetodeliverthetake-awaymessageinthemosteffectivemanner.Thismaymeanmodifyingthetake-awaymessage,iftheconceptsinvolvedarebeyondthelevelofyouraudience.
Knowingyouraudience,youcanbegintodecidehowmuchbackgroundmaterialisneededtodeliveryourtake-awaymessageeffectively.Youraudiencewillinfluenceyourchoiceofvocabulary(technicaljargon)andmayeveninfluencehowyoudress!
英語口語學習及心得
B:What’simportantwhenaimingtoimprovecustomerservice?
Weshouldcarryoutcustomersatisfactionsurveys.Thepurposeofthecustomersatisfactionsurveysistoprovideourcompanywiththeinformationnecessarytoevaluateperformanceandcustomerneeds.Thedataalsohelpsdeterminerequiredupdates/upgradespurchasesofnewequipment,whichiscriticaltooureffortstotrackandimprovecustomersatisfaction.
Furthermorewecanfindoutfromcustomershowtheyratetheservicesandsupportprovidedbyus.Wecandocumentwherecustomersaresatisfiedalongwithwheretheyaredissatisfiedandtoidentifywhereapplicablewhatcausesthisdisappointmentinthecustomerexperience.
Finallywecanusethisdatatohelpprioritizetheserviceareasinneedofimprovementinthefuture.
C:What’simportantwhenmanagingaproject?
Tomanageprojectsinvolvesheavyworkloadandrequiresmuchofthecompany’senergyandhumanresource.Howeverbyusingteamworkwecanmakethiscomplicatedworkbecomesimpleandeasy.Firstwhenwesetupaproject-orientedteamworkallmembersoftheprojectsareunitedandworkinateamworkspirit.Thatmeanstheyworkmoresystemicallyandcoordinatemorewitheachother.Asleaderswewon’tworryaboutthetimewewillhavetowasteonthecoordinatingproceduresanymore.Secondbyusingteamworkwecancreateasoundandeffectivecommunicationwiththeprojectandmonitorthecommunicationbetweenmembersaswellasthecommunicationbetweenbossandsubordinates.Thirdinateameveryonetriestohelpothersintheirworkandalotofproblemscanbesolvedquicklyaftertheyoccur.Themanagerscanthussavetheenergyandtimefortrouble-shooting.
Tasksheet12
A:What’simportantwhenmotivatingstaff?
Ithinkfinancialbenefitsplayaveryimportantroleinstaffmotivation.Asmanagersweshouldtreatouremployeesasvaluablemembersofourteamandpaythemasalarythatreflectstheirworth.Tosomeextend,moneycanbethemainmotivatorforstafftodoanexcellentjob.Apoorsalarywillensurethatyoulosegoodstaff,andthatleadstohigherstaffturnover.
Thereforewemustensurethatfinancialbenefitsareavailabletoourstaffmembersinrelationtotheirexpectedcontributions.Furthermoreweshouldconsiderourstaff’srealperformanceexpectationsandworkprocessesandthenusepaytoreinforcewhatisimportant,withoutharmingtherestofperformance.
B:What’simportantwhendealingwithcompetition?Pricingpolicies
AdvertisingstrategiesCustomerservice
Awiderangeofgoodsorservices
C:What’simportantwhenplanninghealthandsafetytraining?
TaskSheet13
A:What’simportantwhenchoosingnewofficeequipment?
Therearethreeimportantpointsyoushouldconsiderwhenyouchoosenewofficeequipment.
英語口語學習及心得
First,discounts.Aggressivediscountingisrampantintheofficeequipmentdealerchannel.Evenifyouarebuyingonlyonepieceoffurniture,youcanstillexpecttoreceiveabouta30percentdiscountoffthesuggestedretailprice.Asthevolumeofyourpurchaseincreases,thediscountshouldcontinuetoincreasetonearlyhalftheoriginallistprice
Second,becarefulwhereyoushop.Ifyou"veneverheardofthevendorbeforeandiftheyofferpricesthatsoundtoogoodtobetrue,beonyourguard.Takestepstoverifythatthecompanyislegitimate,thatthequalityofthegoodstheysellmeetsyourrequirements,andthattheyareindeedauthorizedtoselltheproductstheyoffer.
Third,industrystandards.Theproductsyouaregoingtobuyhavetomeetorexceedcertainindustrystandards.Theymusthavebeensubjectedtoaseriesoftestsfordurability.
B:What’simportantwhenentertainingforeignbusinessclients?VenueforentertainmentCulturaldifferences
InformationabouttheclientCostofentertainingthem
C:What’simportantwhenaimingtoreachnewmarkets?
Marketresearchisourtopprioritywhenweaimtoreachnewmarkets.
First,Marketresearchenablesustobetterunderstandhowconsumersuseaproductorserviceandhowtheyregardtheproductorservice.Marketresearchalsodeterminesthetypesofpeoplemostlikelytobuyournewproducts-namelyourtargetmarket.
Second,beforereachingnewmarkets,weusuallyhavelimitedbudgetssoknowingwhoismostlikelytobuyaparticularproducthelpsusspendourbudgetmoreefficiently.Marketresearchisusedaftertheadvertisinghasrunandseekstodeterminehowwellourpotentialconsumersremembertheadvertisingmessageandhowpersuasiveitwas.
TaskSheet14
A:What’simportantwhenchoosingamanagementtrainingcoursetoattend?(seetasksheet6c)
B:What’simportantwhenrelocatingabusiness?
Ithinkthequalityofthelocalworkforceisveryimportantwhenwerelocateourbusiness.Weshouldrelocateabusinesstotheplacewheretheworkforceishighlyeducated.Ifwechoosethelocationwherewecanonlyhiremediocreorpoorperformers,wecannotbesuccessfullongevenifwehaveperfectplans,asoundorganizationalstructure,andfinelytunedcontrolsystem.
Besides,thelocationwearegoingtoselectshouldprovidedirectaccesstoourmarket.Itmusthaveagreatairportorseaportthatgoesanywhereanditshouldbemorecentrallylocated.Wewon’tworryaboutflyingforlonghourstoourmarket.
C:Whatisimportantwhenadvertisinganewproduct?
Youmustfirstconsiderthechoiceofmediafirst.Differenttypesofmediahavedifferenteffectsandadvantages.Whichtypeofthemediatochooseisdependentonthepurposesyouwanttoachieve.
Ifyouwanttoadvertiseyourproductsonaregularbasis,youcanchoosenewspaper.Theimmediacyofadailynewspaper"snewswillcausereaderstopickitupwithinapredictabletimeframe.Soyousoknowwhenreadersreceiveyourmessages.
英語口語學習及心得
Ifyouwanttomakeyouradvertisementrelativelycost-effective,theinternetisyourbestchoice.Theinternetadcostscanbeindependentofthesizeoftheaudience.AWebpresencewillcostthesameregardlessofhowmanyviewersyoursitehas.
TaskSheet16
A:What’simportantwhenchoosingpeopletoworkinteams?
Wemustseetoitthattheteammembershaveavarietyofworkexperience.Usuallywebuildateaminordertomanageasystematicprojectratherthanasingleone.Thereforeweneedspecialistsinmanybusinessdomains,notprofessionalsinjustonefield.Forexample,inordertobuildateamtodevelopournewproducts,weneedmemberswithvariousworkbackgroundlikeproduction,pricing,advertising,purchasingandselling.Ifweonlyrecruitmembersfromadvertisingorpurchasingdepartment,wecannotaccomplishtheprojectatall.
B:What’simportantwhendealingwithaheavyworkload?
Ithinktimemanagementisveryimportantwhenwedealwithaheavyworkload.Wecanapplytimemanagementskillstodecideourworkprioritiesandfindoutwhattospendourtimeon.Whenfacingaheavyworkloadweneedtoknowourprioritiesanddeadlinessothatwecanfocusonwhatweneedtodoandfindoutwhatthekeytargetstobeachievedare,andhowachievementwillbemeasured.
Timemanagementskillsalsoexplainhowtoclarifyourjobwithouremployees,andconcentrateondoingwellintheareasheorsheconsidersbeingmostimportant.Byconcentratingontherightprioritieswecanensurethatouremployeesarealwaysworkingaseffectivelyaspossiblewhendealingwithaheavyworkload.
C:Whatisimportantwhendevelopingnewproducts?
Pricingisthemostimportantconsiderationwhenwedevelopnewproducts.
Ontheonehand,weshouldsetourpriceatanappropriatelevel.Weshouldnotsetthepricetoohighwithouttheconsiderationoftheaffordabilityofourcustomers.Unrealistichighpricewillundermineourcustomerbaseandmakeuslossloyalcustomers.
Ontheotherhand,weshouldnotattempttogainbusinessbyslashingpricesregardlessofcosts.Thepricelevelwesetshouldatleastincludeallthecostandinvestmentandmakeusgainsomemargins.Short-termpriceslashingdoesnotassureawayofgainingfinancialprofits;itcanonlycreateastormierbusinessenvironmentandcutthroatcompetition.Wemustavoidhostilepriceslashing.Wemustnotdamageourprofession"sreputationbysacrificingqualityforprice.Weshouldcarryoutaninvestigationormarketresearchinthetargetmarkettoseewhatpricelevelcanbeacceptedbyourpotentialcustomers.Onlyinthiswaycanwedevelopournewproductssuccessfully.
TaskSheet17
A:What’simportantwhenbeinginterviewedforajob?
Theinterviewerwillalwaysaskyousomegeneralanddetailedquestionsaboutthejobyouapply.Mostofthemareaboutthecompanywhichcouldbeyourfutureworkplace.Duringtheinterviewtheinterviewerwillconsideryouranswerandyourfeedbackandmakehisorherownjudgmentonyourqualityandpersonalityaccordingtoyouranswer.Ifyouforexamplecandemonstrateyourunderstandingofwhatthecompanyisdealingwithandyourideaofthecompany’sfuturedevelopmentyouareverylikelytobehiredbecauseyouranswerswhichcontainplentyofinformationaboutthecompanyshowthatyouhavetakenthiscompanyandyourfuturewithitintoseriousconsideration.Thereforeitisimportantforyoutogetasmuchsuchinformationaspossible.B:What’simportantwhenexhibitingattradefair?
英語口語學習及心得
Youraimofexhibitingyourproductsatthetradefairistoshowyourcustomersthehighqualityofyourproductsthroughfinedemonstrationandcarefulexplanation,whichwillonlybeachievedbyselectingrightstafftoattendthetradefair.Thestaffyouselectshouldatleasthaveagoodunderstandingoftheproductsyoudisplay.Theymustknowthequalityfunctiondescriptionproductionpackingandotherimportantfieldsofyourproducts.Besidestheymusthavestrongabilityofpromotingandmarketing.Theseelaborately-selectedstaffcanansweranykindofquestionproducedbythecustomersaboutyourproductsandcansecurecontractswiththemskillfully,whichwillmakeyourdisplayacompletesuccess.
C:What’simportantwhenintroducingarewardsystemforstaff?
Itisveryimportantforyoutoaskyourselfwhatyouexpectfromtherewardsystemwhenyouconsidertheintroduction.Thatistosayyoumustfirstmakeitclearthepurposeoftherewardsystem.Willitbeusedtostimulateyourstaff’smoraleorwillitbeusedtokeepyourstaffworkingwithhighefficiency.Withouttheunderstandingoftheseitisdifficultforyoutoplacetherewardsystemattherightplace.Thestaffwillprobablygetconfusedorevenannoyedwiththesystembecauseyoufailtoexplaintothemthepurposeofit.Besidesasystemwithoutclearpurposewon’tachievemuchasyouexpectit.
TaskSheet18
A:What’simportantwhenentertainingclients?
Wemustchooseappropriatetypesofactivitiestoentertaindifferentclients.Differentclientshavedifferenttastesinterestsandhobbies.Inordertomakethemfeelsatisfiedandcomfortablewemustchoosetheactivitiestheypreferandareinterestedin.Forexampleifyoufindyourclienthasatasteforartormusicthentakehimorhertoaconcert.Ifheorsheisasportsfantakehimorhertothesportsevent.Besidesweseektofindchancestodobusinesswithourclientswhileentertainingthem.Thereforewemustfirstcreateasoundenvironmentinwhichwecandiscussourbusinesscomfortably.Differenttypesofactivitiescanhelpuscreatedifferentenvironments.Noplaceismoresuitablethanagulfcoursewhereyoucanpossiblysignacontractsuccessfullywhileenjoyingplayinggameswithyourclients.Andnoplaceismoresuitablethatastadiumwhereyoucannegotiatetheimportofyoursportswearwhileexperiencingtheexcitementofthematch.
B:What’simportantwhenchoosingretailpremisestorent?
Locationplaysaveryimportantrolewhenwechooseretailpremisestorent.Infactthepremiseswechoosewillbecomeourstoreshoporbranchinthefuture.Soitshouldbeatleastlocatedinthedowntownareaornearthehigh-streetfacilitieswherewecaneasilyfindourcustomersandpromoteourgoods.Agoodlocationitselfisagoodadvertisementandcanhelpustoincreaseoursalestoalargeextent.Inadditionagoodlocationmeansaneasytransportationwhichcanmakeourgoodsdeliveryfastandconvenient.Wedon’thavetoworryaboutanydelaycausedbyisolatedlocationofourshop.
C:What’simportantwhendecidingonpackagingforproducts?
Thepackagingofourproductsisinfactakindofadvertisementforourproducts.Sowhenwedecideonpackagingforproductswemustfirstconsiderifthepackagingcanreflecttheimageofourproducts.Itmustbestrepresentthequalityofourproductsthroughitsdesignandlayoutwhichcanattractourcustomerstobuyourproducts.Thepackagingshouldshowthedistinctivefeaturesofourproductssothateverycustomercanhaveabetterunderstandingofourproductsafterjusttakingalookatourproducts.Andweshouldmakesurethatthecustomerscanidentifyourproductsimmediatelythroughthepackaging.
TaskSheet19
A:What’simportantwhenselectingstaffforpromotion?
英語口語學習及心得
Theonlycriterionwhenweselectstaffforpromotionishisorherperformance.Performancedemonstratesyouremployee’sabilitytosellproductspromoteproductscommunicatewithyourclientsanddealwithcrisis.Alloftheseabilitiesarewhatyouandyourcompanyneedinmanyfieldsofyourbusiness.Thereforewhenyoupromoteanemployeewhomightbecomethecoreofthemanagementofyourcompanyitisimportantforyoutoconsiderhisorherperformance.Inadditionjudginganemployeebyhisorherperformanceinitselfisalsoanuniversally-recognizedruleappliedbymanycompaniesinpromotingtheirstaff.
B:What’simportantwhenconsideringacareerchange?
Asanemployeetheopportunitiesyoucangetforfuturepromotionfromyourcareerisveryimportantandthereforeshouldbeyourfirstconsideration.Formostofuswhostartsourcareerourdreamsareallaboutgettingpromotions,takingmoreandmoreresponsibilitiesandfinallyreachingthetopofthemanagement.Inordertorealizethesedreamsweemployeesneedacompanyoranorganizationthatcanprovideuswithplentyofcareeropportunitiesandsoundenvironment.Inacompanywheresuchopportunitiesarerareitisimpossibleforyoutorealizeyourdream.Inadditionalotofyourprecioustimewillbewasted.Remember:moreopportunitiesbetterfuture.C:What’simportantwhenplanninganadvertisementcampaign?
Toselectanappropriatemediaisthefistandmostimportantstepwhenweplanouradvertisingcampaign.Thesuccessofouradvertisingdependsontheeffectivenessandthepopularityofthemediawechoosetopromoteourproducts.Thismediamusthavealotofaudienceorlistenersandmustbeveryinfluential.Forexampleitshouldbeanation-wideorlocalnewspaperwithalargecirculation.Onlytochoosethiskindofmediacanweensurethatthegreatestpossiblemajorityofpeoplecanhavetheaccesstoouradvertisementwhichwilldirectlyaffectthesalesofourproducts.Inadditionthiskindofmediausuallyhasgreatinfluenceonthepublic’sopinion.Thereforetheycanhelpustocreateapositiveimageofourproductstothepublic.
TaskSheet20
A:What’simportantwhenchoosingtransportforabusinesstrip?
Thereisanoldsayinginbusiness.Thatismoneymatters.Soyouhavetoconsiderthecostthatmayoccurwhenyouselecttransportforyourbusinesstrip.Itisnotwisetochoosethosetransportingtoolswhosecostisbeyondyourbudget.Expensivetransportingtoolscaninevitablyincreaseyourcostevenbeforeyoudoabusiness,whichwilltakeupalargeproportionofyourbudgetorevenmakeyoufailtomeetyourtargets.Youshouldneverallowthiskindofcosttoruinyourwholebusiness.
B:What’simportantwhenaimingforpromotion?
Ifyouwanttogetpromotionit’simportantforyoutoshowyouremployersthehighlevelofyourperformance.Thequalityofperformanceisalwaysusedtotesttheabilityofthecandidateswhowillbepromotedwithinthecompanysoyoumustpayattentiontoyourownperformancesuchasyourabilitytocommunicateandco-operatewithothers;yourabilitytodealwiththecurrentjob;yourabilitytocontrolandmanageyourstaffaswellasyourabilitytohandlecrisiswhentheyoccur.Youremployerwillbesatisfiedifyoucanshowhimorhersuchyourabilitiesandthenyouwillgetabetterchancetobepromoted.
C:What’simportantwhenexportinggoodsservicesforthefirsttime?
Whenweexportgoodsorservicesforthefirsttimewecancontactpeopleweknowinthebusinesscircle.Beingnewcomerswemightnothavetheestablishedmarketsorchannelsforustoexportgoodsorservices.Wecanovercomethedifficultybycommunicatingwithourfriendsoracquaintancesthataredoingbusinessnowandfamiliarwiththesituationofthemarketyouwanttoenter.
BEC中級備才心得之二-----應試技巧
英語口語學習及心得
據(jù)說,新東方建議按照題量從多到少安排答題先后順序,安排如下表:
題號一二三四五合計題量756151245題做題順序三五四一二時間9.18-9.269.38-9.539.26-9.389.00-9.109.10-9.18Min8151210853min至少安排5分鐘涂答題卡。按慣例,答題從易到難,以上安排也正符合這一思路。第四部分還是考詞匯,對詞匯意思、用法的把握要很到位才能做對;
第五部分相對較為簡單,有三到四個填CORRECT,但至少有三個是正確,這一部分主要注意多余的連詞、冠詞、動詞的常用介詞搭配、主謂一致等等,特別喜歡將錯誤出在上下兩行,所以要以全句為單位,還有就是從全文來看,前后意思要一致;
第一部分,一般找近義詞是解題關鍵,我感覺這次考試的這一部分有難度,一直找不到相對應的內容,相當隱蔽,有兩題不太確定;
第三部分,常見的閱讀理解題,這種題型是我們最為熟悉的。其特點是文章和題目順序是一樣的,所以可以看一題做一題,但要真正理解把握作者的思路,解讀寫作目的,還是有難度;
第二部分,特別注意連詞,連詞直接反映作者的思路,是轉折,遞進還是補充說明,都可以從連詞中看出;還有要注意代詞,搞清楚代詞所指代的人或物,代詞前后指代要一致。
(2)writing
寫作關鍵是格式要正確,措詞、語氣要正確。措詞、語氣是取決于寫的人和讀的人關系,是上級?下級?同級?還是寫給全體員工,這點是重中之重!
做試題時,就要總結出自己寫作所要花的時間,如果時間較緊,就不能打草稿,需直接寫在答題紙上。這回考試同個考場上一位女生就因來不及將寫作部分完成而放棄后面的考試。
寫作的第一部分最多只能花十五分鐘,而且切記前緊后松,因為第二部分占寫作大部分的分數(shù),要給第二部分充足的時間,以免時間緊迫而無法完成。
寫完后讀一編,改正錯誤,如拼寫,標點等等,還有特別注意:就是我們要編造情節(jié)、理由,所以還要檢查所編造的是否符合邏輯。這次我考試只將第一部分看了一篇,改了個小錯誤,沒時間看第二部分。(3)listening
聽力聽力部分40分鐘,每部分都是聽兩篇。其的最大特點就是陷阱多,一般是前面先講些不是干擾內容,而且還特別清晰,到最后才給出關鍵的詞或詞組,因此會給人錯覺,好像自己聽懂了好多,可最后不一定能選上正確答案。所以平時要加強訓練,排除干擾信息。聽錄音時應利用空隙看看題目要求,明白題目的目的。第一部分,相對而言簡單,但也不容易,要特別注意有沒有復數(shù)形式,單詞拼寫要正確,該用連字符的也要用上。聽第二編時注意核對。
英語口語學習及心得
第二部分有難度,首先應理解選項的意思,比如有問:錄音中說話者所說的對象是什么?選項中有receipt和invoice。如果沒分清receipt和invoice,即使聽懂了,也選不對。其次在聽第一遍的過程中做些記錄,可以排除一些干擾項,并確定關鍵詞的位置。第二遍關鍵聽第一遍中確定的關鍵詞,以便核對,做出正確選擇。特別重視說話的語氣、語調。
第三部分,我認為沒有第二部分難,平時做真題最多錯2個。問題的順序同錄音的順序相同。第一遍關鍵是確定答案的位置,排除干擾選項,可以確定答案的就選上;第二遍有針對性地進行核對,最終確定答案。后面是涂卡,涂卡時間至少保證5分鐘。聽完之后剩余的時間不是很多,要抓緊時間確定答案,注意涂卡時第一部分的答案要用大寫字母,抄寫正確。(4)speaking
考口語關鍵是不要支支吾吾、斷斷續(xù)續(xù),不會說也要說些廢話,著邊就成,當然也不能離題萬里。
第一部分是熱身,問考生簡單信息,如哪里人,學生還是工作,是學生的話問學習時喜歡什么,然后再問些簡單的有關商務方面的問題,好應付。
第二部分是做一個mini-presentation,給三個topics,叫你選一道,就提示的兩個要點做一個論述,最好能順便增加一個要點。除去教師念題目,實際上陳述的時間只有不到五十秒,因此平時要多練習,加快語速,這樣才能在短時間內完成任務。值得注意的是,在一方陳述完之后,另一方要針對對方的陳述問對方一個問題,對方馬上做答,所以要認真聽搭檔在說什么話題,都說了些什么。
第三部分一般是兩人合作討論,完成規(guī)定內容,這部分主要是兩人要“合作”、“共同”完成任務,不是單方面!只有三分鐘的時間,切記要包括所有要求的任務。
口語要過borderline很簡單。但要考得好不容易。其難度是不僅要在短時間包括要求的內容,而且要有道理,邏輯正確,發(fā)音準確,語音、語調合理,確非易事。所以要多讀,多背,多練習,考前找個搭檔,最好能保證這個搭檔能在考試時一同合作。我是福州考點,這里規(guī)定只有同一個考場的考生才能自由搭配。如果沒能找到搭檔,早晨筆試結束后馬上找一個,一起先熱身熱身,熟悉熟悉,這樣會更快進入狀態(tài)。
~~PART1注意復數(shù)那些,訓練自己快速寫記的能力吧,PART2最主要是心態(tài)好,當你覺得你已經(jīng)聽到答案時,不要高興,埋伏正在后面呢,所以PART2一定要認真地聽完全段,邊聽邊思考,的確我承認,這一部分是考試中最難的部分,所以大家要多練這一part啊~~PART3就要注意把握聽力的節(jié)奏,因為其答案的出現(xiàn)是根據(jù)順序來的,還有就是要訓練自己邊聽邊看題的能力,基本上聽力開始之前的時間只夠你看個題目,化下關鍵詞,真正的題干還是要靠自己在聽的是很看,基本上這題同義轉換就好了。
口語:
相信口語是很多人的弱項了,大家最好找個Partner,平時大家都練練考試里的PART3互相討論一個商務話題并且reachasamedecision~~~,我就把藍色的那本口語書里的話題看了,知道該說什么,然后PART2的individualspeech自己總結一些套話,把真題上的題目都說一遍,如果大家覺得剛開始不會說的話可以大致把想要說的東西寫在本子上,然后一句句練習,這樣堅持一段時間肯定會有用的。這次估計我的口語還是考得不錯的,臨走前給我瞄到了分數(shù)(3個4.5,1個4,總分5),口語這種東西,跟聽力是相連的,聽力好了,口語自然會上去的?荚嚂r要注意禮貌和給考官的第一印象哈,基本上口語就這些了。
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