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英語(yǔ)論文結(jié)論部分寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)總結(jié)

網(wǎng)站:公文素材庫(kù) | 時(shí)間:2019-05-29 19:40:57 | 移動(dòng)端:英語(yǔ)論文結(jié)論部分寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)總結(jié)

英語(yǔ)論文結(jié)論部分寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)總結(jié)

英語(yǔ)論文寫(xiě)作

論文結(jié)論部分(Conclusion)寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)總結(jié)

Conclusion

Conclusion是作者對(duì)所研究課題進(jìn)行的總體性討論,具有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和客觀性,反映本研究課題的價(jià)值,同時(shí)對(duì)以后的研究具有指導(dǎo)意義。

Conclusion與Introduction遙相呼應(yīng),因?yàn)镮ntroduction部分介紹了本課題的研究目的,那么Conclusion要告訴讀者這些目的是否達(dá)到,在研究中做了哪些工作,取得了什么結(jié)果,這些結(jié)果說(shuō)明了什么問(wèn)題,有何價(jià)值和意義,研究過(guò)程中存在或發(fā)現(xiàn)了哪些問(wèn)題,原因是什么,建議如何解決等。

Conclusion的具體內(nèi)容通常包含以下幾個(gè)部分:(1)概括說(shuō)明本課題的研究?jī)?nèi)容、結(jié)果及其意義與價(jià)值。

(2)比較具體地說(shuō)明本研究證明了什么假設(shè)或理論,得出了什么結(jié)論,研究結(jié)果有何實(shí)

用價(jià)值,有何創(chuàng)造性成果或見(jiàn)解,解決了什么實(shí)際問(wèn)題,有何應(yīng)用前景等。(3)與他人的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行比較。

(4)本課題的局限性、不足之處,還有哪些尚待解決的問(wèn)題。(5)展望前景,或指出進(jìn)一步研究的方向。Conclusion通常使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

Result和Conclusion本次選取5篇文章,

第一篇,論文中的主要Result已在第2部分和第三部分中敘述,在Conclusion又重新總結(jié)了一下。

第二篇,論文中的主要Result寫(xiě)在Conclusion中。

第三篇,論文中的主要Result寫(xiě)在第3部分(3.CASESTUDIESANDRESULTS)中,Result和Conclusion是分開(kāi)的。

第四篇,論文中的主要Result已第4部分的(IV.ResultsandDiscussion)中進(jìn)行敘述,Result和Conclusion是分開(kāi)的。

第五篇,論文中的主要Result已第4部分的(4.Resultsanddiscussion)中進(jìn)行敘述,Result和Conclusion是分開(kāi)的。

第1篇

題目:AnoverviewofNACA6-digitairfoilseriescharacteristicswithreferencetoairfoilsforlargewindturbineblades

IV.Conclusions

Thetwo-dimensionalaerodynamicscharacteristicsoftheNACA63and64six-digitseriesofairfoilsmeasuredintheNASALTPThavebeeninvestigated,withaviewtoverifyRFOILcalculationsathighReynoldsnumbers.Thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn:

-Thezero-liftangleoftheNACA64-618airfoilneedstobeadjustedwith-0.4degrees.-Thezero-liftangleofTheNACA63-615needstobecorrectedwith-0.87degreesinthe

smoothcaseandwith+1degreeincaseofwraparoundroughness.

-ThemaximumliftcoefficientspredictedwithRFOILmatchtheLTPTdatawellatRe=3x106,

butunderpredicttheCl,maxatRe=6x106by3.5%,upto6.5%atRe=9x106.-Itisuncertainiftheestablisheddifferencesinliftbetweenexperimentandcalculationsare

causedbyaconstantbiasinthemeasurementsorbythefactthattheRFOILcodefailstopredicttherightlevelofmaximumlift.

-RFOILconsistentlyunderpredictsthedragcoefficient.Thedifferenceisabout9%forawiderangeofairfoilsandReynoldsnumbers

-NACAstandardroughnesscausesareductionintheliftcoefficientof18%to20%formostairfoilsfromtheNACA64series

-Thezero-liftangleofairfoilNACA64-418withwrap-aroundroughnessneedsacorrectionof+0.54degrees.

-Windtunnelexperimentsandside-by-sidetestsinthefieldwithonecleanrotorneedtobedonetobeabletobetterpredicttheeffectsofroughness.寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn):

內(nèi)容:第1句,概括了文章的的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。第2句至第8句逐條的列出了文章的得出結(jié)

論。

使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),Thetwo-dimensionalaerodynamicscharacteristicsoftheNACA63and64

six-digitseriesofairfoilsmeasuredintheNASALTPThavebeeninvestigatedhavebeeninvestigated.

主要時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

第2篇

題目:HIGH-LIFTENHANCEMENTUSINGACTIVEFLOWCONTROL

V.CONCLUSIONS

Thehigh-liftperformanceofanairfoilwithasingle-elementflapisenhancedsignificantlyusinganactiveflowcontrolsystemconsistingofspanwisefluidicactuatorsthatareintegratedneartheseparationpoint.Spanwisearraysofspanwise-oscillatingornon-oscillatingjetsissuetangentiallytothelocalsurfacefromaminiaturedownstreamfacingsurfacestep.Jetactuationleadstoflowattachmentofvaryingstreamwiseextentthatdependsonthejetmomentumcoefficientandtheformationofalowpressuredomainnearthejuncturebetweenthemainbodyandtheflap.Asaresult,liftisincreasedsubstantially,byasmuchasCL=1.40,1.22and1.04atRec=6.7105,8.3105and1.0106,respectively,forα=4.

Inthepresentexperiments,threespanwiserowsoffluidicjetsareplacedinthevicinityofthejunctureandoperatedinvariouscombinationsleadingtosignificantincreasesinlift.Theupstream(x/c=0.59)andmiddle(x/c=0.61)actuators,whichareclosesttoseparation(x/c=0.62)aremosteffective,whilethedownstreamactuator(x/c=0.64)onlyproducesasignificantliftincrementwhenoperatedinconjunctionwithoneoftheotheractuators.Thedegreeofflowattachmentincreaseswithjetmomentumcoefficientandsimultaneousoperationofmultipleactuatorscanincreasetheliftincrementfurtherevenwhentheflowisattached.Actuationresultsinastrongsuctionpeaknearthejuncture(Cp~7.5)andalsoleadstoincreasesinsuctiononthemainbodyoftheairfoilandneartheleadingedge.Theliftincrementismeasuredoverarangeofanglesofattack(0<α<12)andisaccompaniedbyanincreaseinlift-inducedpressuredragandanincreaseinnose-downpitchingmoment.

Itisshownthatthehigh-liftperformancecanbeimprovedsignificantlybydesignmodificationsofthesurfaceinterfacebetweenthejetactuatorsandthesurroundingflow.Inparticular,modifyingthejetorificesfroma“stepped”toa“recessed”configurationenhancestheinteractionofthejetswiththecrossflow,resultinginincreasedliftforagivenmomentumcoefficient,particularlyatlowerlevelsofC.Therecesseddesignalsoreducesthelossinliftcausedbythepresenceoftheorificesandtheattachedflowexhibitssignificantlystrongersuctionpeaksneartheflapjunctureandtheleadingedge.AtC=0.36%theupstreamactuatoryieldsCL=0.57and0.79forthesteppedandrecessedconfigurations,respectively,andoperatingthecombinationofupstreamandmiddleactuatorsatC=0.36%eachyieldsCL=0.78and0.92,respectively.

TheeffectoftheactuatorjetsontheattachedflowischaracterizedusingPIVmeasurementsoftheflowfieldovertheflapandadditionalhigh-magnificationmeasurementsinthevicinityoftheactuators.Intheabsenceofactuation,theflowseparatesnearthejuncturebetweentheflapandthemainbody(x/c=0.62),formingarecirculatingdomainovertheflapandadetachedvorticitylayer.Actuationleadstocompleteflowattachmentthroughthetrailingedgewithsignificantaccelerationoftheflowwithintheattachedboundarylayerdownstreamoftheactuatorsandoutsideoftheboundarylayeralongmostoftheflap.AtC=1.6%aninteractiondomaincontainingacross-streamvelocitypeak(~2.3timesthemaximumspeedofthejetunderquiescentconditions)isformedalongtheflapbetweentheactuatorjetandthefreestreamflowthatisparticularlyapparentusingtherecessedconfiguration.

這篇文章的結(jié)論部分很特殊,統(tǒng)計(jì)的結(jié)果為565個(gè)單詞,包含了4個(gè)段落。

第1段概括了文章的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容(activeflowcontrolsystem),第2段到第4段主要說(shuō)明了文章的研究方法(experiment,PIV),以及一些具體的結(jié)果。

主要時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

第3篇

題目:REPRESENTATIONMETHODEFFECTSONGENETICALGORITHMIN2-D

AIRFOILDESIGNVIBRATIONAL

4.CONCLUSION

Inthisarticle,BezierandParsecrepresentationmethodsaretestedintwodifferentflowconditions;subsonicandtransonicflows.InthefisttestcasebothrepresentationmethodsarecomparedviaVGAoptimizationtoolunderthesubsonicflowconditions.ThecomparisonbetweenBezierandParsecrepresentationmethodsisshowninFig.8.ThisplotemphasizesthesuperiorityofParsecrepresentationmethod.InthesecondtestcasebothrepresentationmethodsarecomparedviaVGAoptimizationtoolunderthetransonicflowconditions.ThecomparisonbetweenBezierandParsecrepresentationmethodsisshowninFig.11.ThisplotemphasizesthesuperiorityofBezierrepresentationmethod.FromthesecasesitisconcludedthatParsecmethodismoreglobalandmoreefficientthanBeziermethodinsubsonicflows.However,BeziermethodismoreflexiblethanParsecmethodwithintransonicflows.

本篇文章相比于上篇文章內(nèi)容上比較簡(jiǎn)短:統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果為134個(gè)單詞,包含1個(gè)段落第1句,概括了文章的的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。第2句至第7句回顧了文章中的兩個(gè)算例。第8句說(shuō)明了本文方法的優(yōu)越性,最后一句說(shuō)明了本文方法的不足。主要時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

句型:Inthisarticle,

ThecomparisonbetweenisshowninFig.8.

FromthesecasesitisconcludedthatHowever,

第4篇

題目:UnsteadyFlowSimulationofaHigh-LiftconfigurationusingaLatticeBoltzmann

Approach

V.ConclusionsSimulationsofagenerichigh-liftgeometrywerecarriedoutusingtheLatticeBoltzmannbasedcodePowerFLOWwiththeframeworkofthe1stAIAACFDHighLiftPredictionWorkshopheldin201*.Theresultsshownhereweretheonlyunsteadysimulationsamongallworkshopparticipantsandshowexcellentagreementofdragandliftforcesaswellascpdistributionsforallworkshopcases.GoodpredictionsintheregionofmaximumliftwereaparticularlydistinguishingfeatureoftheLatticeBoltzmannsimulations,indicatingtheimportanceofunsteadysimulationsincorrectlycapturingstronglyseparatedflowstructures.Theslightover-predictionofcL,maxobservedforthebaselinecasewasshowntobelargelyattributabletotheabsenceofslatandflapbracketsinthesimulations.Addingthesebrackets(Case3oftheworkshop)showsasignificantreductionofliftinparticularatthehigherangleofattack,bringingthesimulationresultstoalmostperfectagreementwithmeasuredresults.Theeffectofchangingflapangleswasalsowellcapturedbythesimulations.

Thepositionoflaminar-to-turbulencetransitionwassetformostofthesimulationspresentedherebasedonpublishedexperimentalresultssincethemethodusedforthecurrentstudyusesawallmodelratherthanfullyresolvingtheboundarylayer.Fullyturbulentsimulationswerecarriedoutforselectedconfigurationsandshowedasignificantreductionoflift.

Inadditiontotheworkshopcasesastudyofwindtunnelblockageeffectsisshownhere.Addingwallsinthesimulationcorrespondingtothedimensionsofthewindtunnelledtoachangeofpredictedforcesconsistentwiththecorrectionsappliedtotheexperimentalresults.

ComputationaltimesrequiredfortheunsteadysimulationsweregenerallyinthesameorderofmagnitudeorevenslightlybelowastheRANSsimulationspresentedbyotherworkshopparticipants,confirmingthehighlevelofefficiencyoftheunsteadyLatticeBoltzmannmethod.Overall,thismethodwasshowntobeaninterestingandviablealternativetothepredominantlyusedRANSmethodsforthesimulationofhigh-liftwings.

本篇文章的結(jié)論也相對(duì)較長(zhǎng),統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果為329個(gè)單詞,包含4個(gè)段落第1段概括了文章的的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。

第2段對(duì)文章中的使用的計(jì)算方法中的laminar-to-turbulencetransition進(jìn)行了說(shuō)明。第3段文章中的使用的計(jì)算方法中的一點(diǎn)(Addingwallsinthesimulation)進(jìn)行了說(shuō)明。第4段對(duì)文章的計(jì)算效率進(jìn)行了說(shuō)明。進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明文章方法的優(yōu)越性。

主要時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

第5篇

題目:Designofanewurbanwindturbineairfoilusingapressure-loadinversemethod

5.Conclusions

Apressure-loadinversedesignmethodwassuccessfullyappliedtothedesignofahigh-loadedairfoilforapplicationinasmallwindturbineforurbanenvironment.Thepressuredistributionofthedesignedbladesectionshowsasmoothincreaseofthebladepressure-load,definedasthepressuredifferencebetweentheupperandthelowersidesofthesection,fromtheleadingedgeupto20%oftheaxialchord.From20%upto80%oftheaxialchord,thepressure-loadisalmostconstantanditreducessmoothlytowardthetrailingedge.Theexperimentaltestingofthenewbladesection,asanisolatedairfoil,confirmedthehighmaximumliftandamoderatedrag.Futuredevelopmentswillconsidertheapplicationofthecurrentdesignmethodwithanoptimizationofthethicknessdistributionforviscousflow.Duetothespecificationofthebladeload,thismethodologywillreducethedragwithoutchangingthelift.

本篇文章的結(jié)論相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)潔,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果為149個(gè)單詞,包含1個(gè)段落第1句概括了文章的的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。第2句至第4句對(duì)文章方法進(jìn)行了再次說(shuō)明第5句進(jìn)行了展望

第6句提到本文方法的優(yōu)越性。主要時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

擴(kuò)展閱讀:英文論文的結(jié)論部分寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)

英文論文的結(jié)論部分寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)(結(jié)論、致謝)

8.1如何寫(xiě)結(jié)論

學(xué)術(shù)文章的結(jié)論部分(Conclusion)是作者對(duì)有關(guān)研究課題進(jìn)行的總體性討論。結(jié)論必須具有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和客觀性,它反映本研究課題的價(jià)值,同時(shí)對(duì)以后的研究具有指導(dǎo)意義。如果文章中的Discussion一節(jié)已對(duì)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行了全面的分析、綜合、歸納、推理和總結(jié),那么Conclusion則可以比較簡(jiǎn)短。

從某種意義上說(shuō),Conclusion與Introduction遙相呼應(yīng),因?yàn)镮ntroduction部分介紹了本課題的研究目的,那么Conclusion要告訴讀者這些目的是否達(dá)到,在研究中做了哪些工作,取得了什么結(jié)果,這些結(jié)果說(shuō)明了什么問(wèn)題,有何價(jià)值和意義,研究過(guò)程中存在或發(fā)現(xiàn)了哪些問(wèn)題,原因是什么,建議如何解決等。8.1.1結(jié)論部分的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)布局

一般來(lái)說(shuō),結(jié)論部分的具體內(nèi)容及其組織框架如下。(1)概括說(shuō)明本課題的研究?jī)?nèi)容、結(jié)果及其意義與價(jià)值。

(2)比較具體地說(shuō)明本研究證明了什么假設(shè)或理論,得出了什么結(jié)論,研究結(jié)果有何實(shí)用價(jià)值,有何創(chuàng)造性成果或見(jiàn)解,解決了什么實(shí)際問(wèn)題,有何應(yīng)用前景等。(3)與他人的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行比較。

(4)本課題的局限性、不足之處,還有哪些尚待解決的問(wèn)題。(5)展望前景,或指出進(jìn)一步研究的方向。

在上面五項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中,第一、二項(xiàng)是必不可少的。第三、四、五項(xiàng)內(nèi)容可以根據(jù)需要而定。例

Overall,ourstudyhasrevealedavarietyofpatternsatthecommunityandpopulationlevels,noneofwhichseemtoindicateobviousdeclineinsoutheasternOhio"soak-hickory(橡樹(shù)與山核桃科樹(shù)木)forests.2Clearly,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands(樹(shù)林).3Somestandsexhibitedmortalityashighas40%.4However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.5Likewise,certainspecieswereinanobviousstateofdecline,butthesegenerallyhadaclearpathogenicexplanation.6Changesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensmaybeanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon(Castelloetal.1995).7Evaluationofdeclinesymptomsinsmallersizeclassesmightprovideadditionalusefulinformationtobeusedinunderstandingtheoakregenerationproblem.

分析:

例3摘自一篇關(guān)于俄亥俄東南部地區(qū)橡樹(shù)與山核桃科樹(shù)木生長(zhǎng)狀況的研究論文。第1句:對(duì)研究?jī)?nèi)容的總體概括。

第2~5句:總結(jié)研究結(jié)果,即某些樹(shù)種死亡的原因是害蟲(chóng)、病菌和氣候。其中第2句概括這些原因,第3~5句是具體結(jié)果及原因:有些林區(qū)的樹(shù)木死亡率為40%,但是20%屬于正,F(xiàn)象;有些樹(shù)種死亡現(xiàn)象明顯,原因是病菌的侵害。

第6句:引用他人的研究結(jié)果和觀點(diǎn),以解釋上述結(jié)果。害蟲(chóng)和病菌的侵襲所造成的樹(shù)木死亡是一種自然和必然的現(xiàn)象。第7句:指出以后的研究方向。

從例子可以看出,通過(guò)一項(xiàng)研究工作,可能會(huì)得出幾條結(jié)論,這些結(jié)論的主次輕重可以從字里行間表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。如通過(guò)使用…h(huán)asthestrongestrelationship…點(diǎn)出了最主要的結(jié)論,而運(yùn)用…also…這個(gè)詞,來(lái)表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,說(shuō)明這句話陳述的內(nèi)容是研究結(jié)論之二。有時(shí)為了清楚醒目,可以將結(jié)論列成幾條。

10.1.2結(jié)論部分的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用技巧

結(jié)論部分的語(yǔ)言除要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、連貫、精煉、確切以外,還要具有高度的概括性。

結(jié)論部分與其他各部分不同的是,現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(特別是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))使用頻率很高,這是因?yàn)榻Y(jié)論部分總結(jié)研究者到前為止做了些什么工作,得出了什么結(jié)果,這些結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在來(lái)說(shuō)有什么影響、意義和價(jià)值,能夠應(yīng)用于什么地方,解決什么問(wèn)題等。

結(jié)論中的句子既可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),也可以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),總體上說(shuō),兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用頻率差別無(wú)幾。但有時(shí)結(jié)論部分側(cè)重于研究?jī)?nèi)容、對(duì)象或結(jié)果,所以,往往將研究?jī)?nèi)容置于句首作主語(yǔ),于是,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞自然要使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),常常用thispaper,thisinvestigation,thisstudy,thissurvey,theresults,theanalysis或we,I等作主語(yǔ)。例9

a.Thisstudyclearlydemonstratesthat…b.Thisinvestigationdiscoversthat…c.Thisstudyrevealsthat…d.Wehavedescribed…

e.Wehaveshown…

f.Inthispaperwehaveproposed/discussed…g.Theseresultsrepresent…

例9中的a,b,c,g四個(gè)句子中,分別用了demonstrate,discover,reveal,represent作謂語(yǔ),表示作者對(duì)研究結(jié)果所持的態(tài)度明確、肯定。

值得指出的是,作者有時(shí)對(duì)自己研究結(jié)果采取慎重的態(tài)度,不那么肯定地說(shuō)“結(jié)果說(shuō)明了……”、“證明了……”等,往往對(duì)動(dòng)詞加以修飾,表示作者不太肯定或慎重的態(tài)度,或者用以緩和語(yǔ)氣。技巧如下。技巧1:用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

最常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有will,can,may,及其過(guò)去式would,could,might等,表示“可能”之意。這三個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)氣依次減弱。同一情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式比現(xiàn)在式語(yǔ)氣弱。例10

a.Evaluationofdeclinesymptomsinsmallersizeclassesmightprovideadditionalusefulinformationtobeusedinunderstandingtheoakregenerationproblem.

b.Changesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensmaybeanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon.技巧2:用某些形容詞和副詞

不同的形容詞和副詞表達(dá)作者不同的態(tài)度和語(yǔ)氣。如certainly,ofcourse,absolutely,definitely,clearly等詞用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,表示作者態(tài)度肯定;almostcertain,probably,highlylikely次之。而likely,unlikely,possible,possibly,perhaps等詞表示作者沒(méi)有把握,語(yǔ)氣比較弱。

例:Perhapschangesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensareanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon.技巧3:用seem,appear,tend等動(dòng)詞

這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞用在另一動(dòng)詞之前,構(gòu)成seemto+do/be/have,appeartodo/be/have,tendtodo/be/have的結(jié)構(gòu),表示陳述的現(xiàn)象、內(nèi)容或觀點(diǎn)還有進(jìn)一步探討的余地。我們還以例3和例4中的句子為例:例12

a.However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.

b.Scienceprojectsappeartobeanimportantpartofscienceeducation.下面的句子語(yǔ)氣依次減弱:例13

a.Scienceprojectsareanimportantpartofscienceeducation.

b.Scienceprojectstendtobeanimportantpartofscienceeducation.c.Scienceprojectsappeartobeanimportantpartofscienceeducation.d.Scienceprojectsseemtobeanimportantpartofscienceeducation.

e.Itwouldappearthatscienceprojectsareanimportantpartofscienceeducation.技巧4:選用不同的動(dòng)詞

在分析、綜合、歸納、推理過(guò)程中,常常會(huì)使用show,prove,illustrate,reveal,suggest,indicate,support,clarify,verify等動(dòng)詞。這些動(dòng)詞含義不同,所表示的語(yǔ)氣或態(tài)度也不同。在使用同義詞或近義詞時(shí),要注意區(qū)分它們的含義。例如,表達(dá)形成某現(xiàn)象的原因時(shí),相近的動(dòng)詞有cause,leadto,contributeto,bethereasonof,betherootof等。選用不同動(dòng)詞都會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)句子的意思產(chǎn)生影響。試比較以下句子:例14

a.C1early,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands.(表示直接原因,負(fù)全部責(zé)任)

b.C1early,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshaveleadtoexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands.(有一個(gè)變化過(guò)程,表示間接原因)

a.C1early,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecontributedtoexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands.(表示部分原因,一定還有別的原因)

結(jié)論中常用的句型框架還有:例15

a.Furtherinvestigationsareunderwayto…b.Furtherrefinementofthemodelsisneededto…c.Experimentshavebeendesignedto…

d.Analyticalmodelshavebeendevelopedusing…e.Itisfoundthat…

f.Itisfurtherconcludedthat…

g.Inthispaper,…arereviewed/investigated/observed/studied.h.Thepresentedstudyisconductedbyusing…

10.2如何寫(xiě)致謝

為了向論文的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程提供過(guò)幫助的組織和個(gè)人表示感謝,作者在結(jié)論之后,可寫(xiě)一段致謝(Acknowledgements)。致謝的對(duì)象根據(jù)情況而定,如資助單位或個(gè)人,指導(dǎo)教師以及其他為論文作者提出過(guò)建議或思想的人員等。致謝的對(duì)象要按一定的順序,一般來(lái)說(shuō),項(xiàng)目資助單位或個(gè)人在前,其他人員在后。例16

Acknowledgements

SupportforthisprogramisprovidedbytheOhioStateUniversityExtensionandtheOhioAgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentCenter.AdditionalsupporthasbeenprovidedbytheUSDepartmentofAgriculture.例17

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:ThisresearchwaspartiallysupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationunderGrantMSS8912521andbytheGrayResearchandDevelopmentOffice.例18

IwishtothankProfessorsSheldonGrebsteinandJohnHagopianfortheirvaluablesuggestions.IalsothankProfessorSylviaBowmanforhercommentsonthemanuscript.Inaddition,IoweanobligationtomyfriendFrancisHanksforhisconstantassistanceinthecourseoftheresearch.這里我們介紹一些致謝中的常用英語(yǔ)句型。(1)感謝贊助單位或個(gè)人

a.Supportforthisprogram/project/studyisprovidedby…b.Fundingforthisprogramisprovidedby…c.Ithank…forgivingfinancialSupportforthisstudy.d.Additionalsupportisprovidedby…

e.Researchforthispaperwaspartiallysupportedby…f.Thisresearchwasfundedby…(2)感謝提供資料的單位或個(gè)人a.Dataweresupplied/providedby…

b.Permissiontoquotefrommaterialprotectedbycopyrighthasbeengrantedby…c.Ithank…forthepermissiontoquotefrommaterialprotectedbycopyright.(3)感謝提出建議和幫助的個(gè)人

a.Ithank…forcommentsonthemanuscript.

b.Inaddition,Iamgratefulto…fortheirvaluablesuggestions,andto…forherpatienceandgoodcounsel.

c.Forhelpinthetechnicalassistance,Ithank…

d.Wethankthefollowingpeoplefortheirhelpfulcommentsondraftsofthispaper:…e.Inaddition,Iwishtothank…forhisvaluablesuggestions.

f.Fortheirencouragement,support,andresearchassistance,Iwouldliketothankthefollowingindividualswhohavecontributedsubstantiallytothecompletionofthisstudy/paper/work.(4)感謝不知名的審稿人

a.Theanonymousreviewershavealsocontributedconsiderablytothepublicationofthispaper.b.Inaddition,Iwouldliketothanktheanonymousreviewerswhohavehelpedtoimprovethepaper.(5)感謝其他人

a.Ialsooweanobligationto…

b.AlsoIwishtothank…fortheirmanycourtesies.c.Thanksisalsoextendedto…who…d.Iwishtothank…forhis…

10.3如何寫(xiě)參考文獻(xiàn)

參考文獻(xiàn)包括正式出版的書(shū)籍、期刊雜志或?qū)W術(shù)會(huì)議文章以及學(xué)位論文。寫(xiě)作時(shí)所參考過(guò)的文獻(xiàn)都要標(biāo)注來(lái)源,并在論文的最后參考文獻(xiàn)(References)一部分列出詳細(xì)內(nèi)容。參考文獻(xiàn)也可叫引用文獻(xiàn)(LiteratureCited或WorksCited)。目前常用的參考文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)注方法有兩種。一種是按參考文獻(xiàn)出現(xiàn)的順序用數(shù)字編排;另一種是作者+出版年編排法。下面分別加以介紹。10.3.1順序編碼體系

這種標(biāo)注體系按文獻(xiàn)出現(xiàn)的先后順序編號(hào),置于指引部分的右上角(可加方括號(hào))。被引用的作者、文獻(xiàn)名、出版時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等詳細(xì)內(nèi)容列人論文后面的參考文獻(xiàn)中。其順序要與正文中標(biāo)注的順序一致。例19

Forecastsofthetracksofhurricaneshaveimprovedsteadilyoverthepastthreedecades1,owingtoacombinationofbetterobservationsandmuchimprovednumericalmodels.…Incontrasttotheimprovementsintrackforecasts,therehasbeencomparativelylittleadvanceinpredictionsofintensity1,inspiteofthesophisticatednumericalmodels.Thebestintensityforecaststodayarestatisticallybased2.Mostoftheresearchliteratureonhurricaneintensityfocusesonthepre-stormseasurfacetemperatureandcertainpropertiesoftheatmosphericenvironment3...

注:兩處出現(xiàn)編碼“1”’,表示這兩處指引部分出處相同,詳細(xì)內(nèi)容都列在References中的第1項(xiàng)。References

1.Landsea,C.W.&Pielke,R.A.Jr."NormalizedHurricaneDamagesintheUnitedStates:1925-95".WeatherForecast.13,621-631(1994).

2.Bosart,L.F.etal."EnvironmentalInfluencesontheRapidIntensificationofHurricaneOpalovertheGulfofMexico".Preprintsofthe23rdConferenceonHurricanesandTropicalMeteorology983-984(AmericanMeteorologicalSociety,Boston,1999).3.DeMafia,M.&Kaplan,J."AStatisticalHurricaneIntensity

PredictionSchemeforAtlanticBasin".WeatherForecast.9,209-220(1994).各類文獻(xiàn)順序編碼體系基本格式如下。(1)書(shū)籍基本格式如下:

作者姓,作者名.書(shū)名(斜體).出版地:出版單位,出版年代.例20

BreyerS.BreakingtheViciousCircle:TowardEffectiveRiskRegulation.Cambridge,MA:Harvard

UniversityPress,1995.(2)期刊或會(huì)議文章

期刊或會(huì)議文章與書(shū)籍的標(biāo)注方法有同有異。作者或編者的注法、出版年代等與書(shū)籍注法相同。不同的是,期刊文章既要注上文章名,又要注上刊物名,還有刊物的第幾期、第幾卷、文章登在第幾頁(yè)等。會(huì)議文章要注上會(huì)議名稱;靖袷饺缦拢

作者姓,作者名.標(biāo)題名(正體,引號(hào)).刊物名稱/會(huì)議名稱(斜體),出版年代,卷(期):起至頁(yè)碼.例21

a.Tytler,R."IndependentResearchProjectsinSchoolScience".InternationalJournalofScienceEducation,1992,14:393-411.

b.Onof,P.AndAdenle,J.B."PracticalTeachingofElectronicsSystemsDesign".Proceedingsofthe5thInternationalConferenceonEngineeringEducation,Naples,1998,397-402.

c.Bassac,C."ExperimentalUsesofElectricVehiclesinFrance".The9thInternationalElectricVehicleSymposium,Toronto,1998.(3)收集在書(shū)中的文章

收集在書(shū)中的文章要結(jié)合書(shū)籍與期刊文章的標(biāo)注方法,基本格式如下:

作者姓,作者名.標(biāo)題名(正體,引號(hào)),In編者姓名(ed.)書(shū)名(斜體).出版地:出版單位,出版年代,起至頁(yè)碼.例22

Canale,M."FromCommunicativeCompetencetoCommunicativePerformance".InRichards,J.andSchmidt,R.(eds.)LanguageandCommunication.NewYork:Longman,1983,274-301.(4)報(bào)告基本格式如下:

作者姓,作者名.標(biāo)題名(正體,引號(hào)),報(bào)告序號(hào).組織名,所在地,年代.例23

Jones,D.andEvans.D."SurveyofSmallEngineeringEnterprisesinWales,"ReportR72.WelshCouncilforEngineering,Cardiff,1997.(5)學(xué)位論文基本格式如下:

作者姓,作者名.標(biāo)題名(正體,引號(hào)),學(xué)位論文,學(xué)位授予單位,年代.例24

Yoder,C.O."TheroleofBiologicalIndicatorsinaWaterQualityManagementProcess",Ph.D.dissertation,UniversityofIllinois,1998.

各類參考文獻(xiàn)除了以上基本格式外,還要遵守以下原則。

(1)如果同一本書(shū)有兩個(gè)作者,則將兩個(gè)作者用and(&)連接;如果有三個(gè)以上作者,則在第一作者后加etal.字樣,表示“等人”。(2)如不是第一版,要注明版本。

(3)如果參考的是譯著,則把譯者放在前面,譯者后面注上(trans.),接著注上原作者。(4)如果一本書(shū)是由主編收集的文章,則在主編后注上(ed.),為editor的縮寫(xiě);如果有兩個(gè)以上編者則注上(eds.)。

(5)參考的章節(jié)或頁(yè)碼,則注在出版單位之后,F(xiàn)分別舉例如下:例25

a.Foster,K.R.andBemstein,D.E.PhantomRisk:ScientificInferenceandtheLaw.Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1993.(兩個(gè)作者)

b.Berry,W.etal.TheHiddenWord.SanFrancisco:NorthPointPress,1989.(三個(gè)以上作者)c.Lorenz,Konrad.(trans.)OnAggression.ByMarjorieKerrWilson.1966.NewYork:Bantam,1969.(譯著)

d.Akmajian,A.etal.Linguistics,4thed.Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1995.(第四版)

e.Ball,S.J.andGoodson,I.F.(eds.)Teachers"LivesandCareers.Lewes:FalmerPress,1985.(兩個(gè)編者)

f.Johnson,J.A.WritingStrategiesforESLStudents.NewYork:MacmillanPublishingCo.,1983.Chapter5.(參考此書(shū)中第五章)

以上各條原則同樣也適用于作者十出版年體系。8.3.2作者+出版年體系

這種標(biāo)注體系在每一處指引部分的后面標(biāo)上作者和年代,放在圓括號(hào)內(nèi)。而詳細(xì)內(nèi)容按照作者姓的字母順序列在文章后面的References中。例26

ScienceprojectsaresupportedbytheAcademyofScience.Theacademyrecommendsscienceprojectsforallstudents"regardlessofanyacademicstandingorhandicap"(Mann1990:10).Manystudentsparticipatinginsciencefairsdosobecausetheyarerequiredbyateachertocompleteasciencefairprojectandmanyreportthattheirsciencefairprojectcountedtowardtheircoursegradeinscience

(CzerniakandLumpe1996).Completingascienceprojectandattendingasciencefairwerepurportedtohavemanypositiveeffectsforstudentsandtheirfutureinscience(Mann1990),however,thereexistslittleresearchonsciencefairprojects(Slisz1989)…References

Czemiak,C.M.1996."PredictorsofAchievementof7-12GradeStudentsinaDistrictScienceFairCompetition".SchoolScienceandMathematics,96:21-27.

Mann,J.Z.1990."ScienceDayGuide".OhioAcademyofScience,Columbus,OH.

Slisz,J.1989."EstablishingtheGoalsofaScienceFairBasedonSoundResearchStudies".InternationalJournalofScienceEducation.14:393-411.按作者十出版年體系編排參考文獻(xiàn),一般要遵循以下原則。(1)文獻(xiàn)編排順序按照作者姓的字母順序。

(2)如果參考文獻(xiàn)中有中文撰寫(xiě)的文章或書(shū)籍,有兩種方法處理。一是用漢語(yǔ)拼音寫(xiě)作者名,并將其他內(nèi)容譯成英語(yǔ),按字母順序與其他文獻(xiàn)統(tǒng)一排列。第二種方法是將中英文文獻(xiàn)分別按字母順序排列。

其他原則與順序編碼體系完全相同(見(jiàn)8.3.1節(jié))。書(shū)籍、期刊論文、會(huì)議論文等文獻(xiàn)的標(biāo)注格式分別舉例如下(按作者姓的字母順序編排):例27

Akmajian,A.etal.1995.Linguistics,4thed.Cambridge,MA:MITPress.(書(shū))Ball,S,J.andGoodson,I.F.(eds.)1985.Teachers"LivesandCareers.Lewes:FalmerPress.(書(shū))

Bassac,C.1998."ExperimentalUsesofElectricVehiclesinFrance".The9thInternationalElectricVehicleSymposium,Toronto.(會(huì)議論文)

Berry,W.etal.1989.TheHiddenWord.SanFrancisco:NorthPointPress.(書(shū))

BreyerS.1995.BreakingtheViciousCircle:TowardEffectiveRiskRegulation.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress.(書(shū))

Canale,M.1983."FromCommunicativeCompetencetoCommunicativePerformance".InRichards,J.andSchmidt,R.(eds.)LanguageandCommunication.NewYork:Longman,274-301.(收集在書(shū)中的文章)

Foster,K.R.andBemstein,D.E.1993.PhantomRisk:ScientificInferenceandtheLaw.Cambridge,MA:MITPress.(書(shū))

Johnson,J.A.1983.WritingStrategiesforESLStudents.NewYork:MacmillanPublishingCo.,

Chapter5.(書(shū)中的章節(jié))

Lorenz,Konrad.(trans.)OnAggression.ByMariorieKerrWilson.1966.NewYork:Bantam,1969.(譯著)

Onof,P.AndAdenle,J.B.1998."PracticalTeachingofElectronicsSystemsDesign".Proceedingsofthe5thInternationalConferenceonEngineeringEducation,Naples,397-402.(收集在會(huì)議論文集中的文章)

Tytler,R.1992."IndependentResearchProjectsinSchoolScience".InternationalJournalofScienceEducation,1992,14:393-411.(期刊上發(fā)表的文章)

Yoder,C.O.1998."TheroleofBiologicalIndicatorsinaWaterQualityManagementProcess",Ph.D.dissertation,UniversityofIllinois.(學(xué)位論文)

不同的學(xué)術(shù)刊物或?qū)W術(shù)會(huì)議對(duì)參考文獻(xiàn)的格式或體系有明確規(guī)定,例如,有的規(guī)定出版年應(yīng)緊跟在作者后,而有的則規(guī)定將出版年放在出版單位之后,有的規(guī)定出版年代要用括號(hào),有的則規(guī)定不使用任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)。作者必須按照規(guī)定加以標(biāo)注。如果沒(méi)有明確規(guī)定,作者自己要做到統(tǒng)一、固定、前后一致。思考題

一、下面一則結(jié)論摘自函授培訓(xùn)班學(xué)習(xí)效果研究的論文。分析其內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu),指出每一句話的作用。

TheoverallresultsindicatethatQualityWaterforHomeandFarmcorrespondenceprogrammettheobjectivesetfortheprogramandwasaneffectivemethodtodeliverwaterqualityandmanagementtraining.2pretestandpostresultsshowparticipantsincreasedtheirunderstandingofwaterandmanagementprinciplesinmostmajorareas.3However,additionaltrainingmaybeneededindisinfectionalternatives,ironandhydrogensulfideremoval,andproperwellconstruction.

分析:第1句:第2句:第3句:

二、下面一則結(jié)論摘自一篇關(guān)于颶風(fēng)強(qiáng)度預(yù)測(cè)的論文,將括號(hào)中的動(dòng)詞變成合適的形式。

Conclusions

Thesimulationspresentedhere(1)_____________(suggest)that,oncetropicalcyclones(熱帶旋風(fēng))(2)____________(reach)tropical-stormstrength,theirintensityevolution(3)______________

(control)mostlybytheirinitialintensitytogetherwiththethermodynamicprofile(熱力曲線)oftheatmosphereandupperoceanthroughwhichtheymove.Stormintensityisparticularlysensitivetothethermodynamicstructureoftheupperocean,andit(4)_____________(be)evidentthatinatleastsomecasestheclimatologicalspecification(氣象特性曲線)oftheoceanthermalstructure(5)____________(be)insufficient.Accuratepredictionofhurricaneintensityintheseeasesprobably(6)____________(require)accuratemeasurementoftheupper-oceanthermalstructureaheadofthestorm.Thesimulationspresentedhere(7)_________(offer)hopethatevenwithaverysimplemodel,hurricaneintensity(8)__________(predict)withusefulskillasfarinadvanceasanaccuratetrackprediction(9)_____________(make).Suchtrackpredictions(10)_____________(require)three-dimensionalmodelsabletoaccountforthefullrangeofinteractionsbetweenthestormanditsenvironment.

三、將下列兩組句子片斷連接成一則研究論文的結(jié)論。注意時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)的正確運(yùn)用。A組:

1.DevelopaPIV(particleimagevelocimetry粒子圖象速度場(chǎng)儀)systeminthisstudy.

2.Usingthesystem,observethedieselsprayfieldandobtaininformationaboutparticlevelocitydistributioncharacteristics.3.Thissystemissimple.

4,Greatpotentialapplicationsintestingthetransientdieselsprayfield.B組:

1.Themodelofvehicle-occupantmulti-bodysystem(汽車(chē)乘員多體系統(tǒng)模型)andSVC3D(3-dimensionalsimulationofvehiclecrash:汽車(chē)碰撞三維仿真)showtobecorrectinthisstudy.2.Findthatoccupantwithlowelongationwebbing(伸展率小的約束系統(tǒng))andpretensioner(頂緊器)protected.

3.Therefore,suggestoccupantbeltwithlowelongationwebbing,occupantrestraintsystemequipwithpretensionertoimprovetherestraineffectandreduceoccupantinjuryduringimpact.參考答案

一、下面一則結(jié)論摘自函授培訓(xùn)班學(xué)習(xí)效果研究的論文。分析其內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu),指出每一句話的作用。分析:

第1句:總體概括研究結(jié)果,即函授培訓(xùn)班達(dá)到了預(yù)期目的。

第2句:對(duì)培訓(xùn)前與培訓(xùn)后測(cè)試結(jié)果的總結(jié),函授學(xué)員取得的成績(jī)。第3句:指出通過(guò)研究所發(fā)現(xiàn)的新問(wèn)題。

二、下面一則結(jié)論摘自一篇關(guān)于颶風(fēng)強(qiáng)度預(yù)測(cè)的論文,將括號(hào)中的動(dòng)詞變成合適的形式。(1)suggest(2)reach(3)iscontrolled(4)is(5)is(6)require(7)offer(8)canbepredicted(9)canbemade(10)require

三、將下列兩組句子片斷連接成一則研究論文的結(jié)論。注意文中動(dòng)詞形式的正確運(yùn)用。

A組:

APIVsystemisdevelopedinthisstudy.Usingthissystemweobservedthedieselsprayfieldandobtainedinformationaboutparticlevelocitydistributioncharacteristics.Thissystemissimpleandhasgreatpotentialapplicationsintestingthetransientdieselsprayfield.

B組:

Thisstudyshowsthatthemodelofvehicle-occupantmulti-bodysystemandSVC3Darecorrect.Itisfoundthatoccupantwithlowelongationwebbingandpretensionercanbeprotected.Therefore,wesuggestthatoccupantshouldbebeltedwithlowelongationwebbingandoccupantrestraintsystemshouldbeequippedwithpretensionertoimprovetherestraineffectandreduceoccupantinjuryduringimpact.

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