高中有機(jī)化學(xué)反應(yīng)類型歸納總結(jié)
高中有機(jī)化學(xué)反應(yīng)類型歸納總結(jié)
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烷:CH4+Cl2→(光)CH3Cl+HCl苯:苯+Br2→(Fe)苯-Br+HBr(液溴)
苯+HO-NO2→(濃H2SO4;△)苯-NO2+H2O(硝化反應(yīng))
甲苯:苯-CH3+3HO-NO2→(濃H2SO4;△)三硝基甲苯(TNT)+3H2O苯-CH3+Cl2→(光)苯-CH2Cl+HCl
醇:2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑
鹵代烴:CH3CH2Br+NaOH→(△)CH3CH2OH+NaBr(水解反應(yīng))另有酯化,硫化,水解等
★加成反應(yīng)
烯:CH2=CH2+Br2→CH2BrCH2BrCH2=CH2+H2O→(催化劑;△)CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2+H2→(Ni)CH3CH3炔:CH≡CH+2Br2→CHBr2CHBr2苯:苯+3H2→(Ni)C6H6(環(huán)已烷)苯+3Cl2→C6H6Cl6(六六六)
醛:CH3CHO+H2→(Ni;△)CH3CH2OH(加氫還原)另有加聚
★消去反應(yīng)
鹵代烴:CH3CH2Br+NaOH→(醇;△)CH2=CH2↑+NaBr+N2O
醇:CH3CH2OH→(濃H2SO4;△)CH2=CH2↑+H2O(乙醇為170℃,其它醇不用記)
★水解反應(yīng)(取代反應(yīng))
鹵代烴:CH3CH2Br+H2O→(NaOH)CH3CH2OH+HBr
酯:CH3COOC2H5+H2O(可逆;稀H2SO4;△)CH3COOH+C2H5OH另有多糖二糖蛋白質(zhì)的水解
★氧化反應(yīng)
1燃燒:CxHyOz+(x+y/4-z/2)O2→(點(diǎn)燃)xCO2+y/2H2O(有機(jī)物燃燒通式)2催化反應(yīng)
醇:2CH3CH2OH+O2→(Cu;△)2CH3CHO+2H2OCH3CH2OH+CuO→(△)CH3CHO+H2O+Cu醛:2CH3CHO+O2→(催化劑;△)2CH3CHO烯:2CH2=CH2+O2→(催化劑)2CH3CHO
烷:2CH3CH2CH2CH3+5O2→(催化劑)4CH3COOH+2H2O3被酸性KMnO4氧化
烯炔苯的同系物(與苯環(huán)相連的C上要有H)醇醛4與新制Cu(OH)2反應(yīng)
醛:CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2→(△)CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O5銀鏡反應(yīng)
(1)甲醛甲醛過量時(shí):HCHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→(△)HCOONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O銀氨溶液過量:HCHO+4[Ag(NH3)2]OH→(△)(NH4)2CO3+4Ag↓+6NH3↑+2H2O(2)乙醛CH3CHO+2[Ag(nh3)2]OH→(△)CH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O另有HCOOR(甲酸鹽甲酯某酯)葡萄糖麥芽糖果糖
★還原反應(yīng)
1加H2加成:醛:CH3CHO+H2→(Ni;△)CH3CH2OH另有烯炔等
★特征反應(yīng)1顯色反應(yīng)酚+Fe3+→紫色淀粉+I2→藍(lán)色
蛋白質(zhì)(含苯環(huán))+濃HNO3→黃色2生H2
醇:2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑酚:2苯-OH+2Na→2苯-ONa+H2↑酸:2CH3COOH+Zn→(CH3COO)2Zn+h2↑3需水浴加熱的反應(yīng)
(1)苯→硝基苯(硝化反應(yīng)):苯+HO-NO2→(濃H2SO4)苯-NO2+H2O(55℃~65℃)(2)銀鏡反應(yīng)
(3)乙酸乙酯水解(70℃~80℃)(4)纖維素水解(5)酚醛樹脂的制備
(注:上中苯環(huán)全用“苯”字代替,)
擴(kuò)展閱讀:高中有機(jī)化學(xué)反應(yīng)類型歸納總結(jié)
高中有機(jī)化學(xué)反應(yīng)類型歸納總結(jié)201*-05-0218:14
高中有機(jī)化學(xué)反應(yīng)類型歸納總結(jié)
本文由夢魘狂朝整理后由張老師批閱整理完成★取代反應(yīng)
烷:CH4+Cl2→(光)CH3Cl+HCl苯:苯+Br2→(Fe)苯-Br+HBr(液溴)
苯+HO-NO2→(濃H2SO4;△)苯-NO2+H2O(硝化反應(yīng))
甲苯:苯-CH3+3HO-NO2→(濃H2SO4;△)三硝基甲苯(TNT)+3H2O苯-CH3+Cl2→(光)苯-CH2Cl+HCl
醇:2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑
鹵代烴:CH3CH2Br+NaOH→(△)CH3CH2OH+NaBr(水解反應(yīng))另有酯化,硫化,水解等
★加成反應(yīng)
烯:CH2=CH2+Br2→CH2BrCH2BrCH2=CH2+H2O→(催化劑;△)CH3CH2OHCH2=CH2+H2→(Ni)CH3CH3
炔:CH≡CH+2Br2→CHBr2CHBr2
苯:苯+3H2→(Ni)C6H6(環(huán)已烷)苯+3Cl2→C6H6Cl6(六六六)
醛:CH3CHO+H2→(Ni;△)CH3CH2OH(加氫還原)另有加聚★消去反應(yīng)
鹵代烴:CH3CH2Br+NaOH→(醇;△)CH2=CH2↑+NaBr+N2O醇:CH3CH2OH→(濃H2SO4;△)CH2=CH2↑+H2O(乙醇為170℃,其它醇不用記)★水解反應(yīng)(取代反應(yīng))
鹵代烴:CH3CH2Br+H2O→(NaOH)CH3CH2OH+HBr
酯:CH3COOC2H5+H2O(可逆;稀H2SO4;△)CH3COOH+C2H5OH另有多糖二糖蛋白質(zhì)的水解★氧化反應(yīng)
1燃燒:CxHyOz+(x+y/4-z/2)O2→(點(diǎn)燃)xCO2+y/2H2O(有機(jī)物燃燒通式)2催化反應(yīng)
醇:2CH3CH2OH+O2→(Cu;△)2CH3CHO+2H2OCH3CH2OH+CuO→(△)CH3CHO+H2O+Cu醛:2CH3CHO+O2→(催化劑;△)2CH3CHO
烯:2CH2=CH2+O2→(催化劑)2CH3CHO
烷:2CH3CH2CH2CH3+5O2→(催化劑)4CH3COOH+2H2O3被酸性KMnO4氧化
烯炔苯的同系物(與苯環(huán)相連的C上要有H)醇醛4與新制Cu(OH)2反應(yīng)
醛:CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2→(△)CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O5銀鏡反應(yīng)
(1)甲醛甲醛過量時(shí):HCHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→(△)HCOONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O銀氨溶液過量:HCHO+4[Ag(NH3)2]OH→(△)(NH4)2CO3+4Ag↓+6NH3↑+2H2O(2)乙醛CH3CHO+2[Ag(nh3)2]OH→(△)CH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O另有HCOOR(甲酸鹽甲酯某酯)葡萄糖麥芽糖果糖★還原反應(yīng)
1加H2加成:醛:CH3CHO+H2→(Ni;△)CH3CH2OH另有烯炔等★特征反應(yīng)1顯色反應(yīng)
酚+Fe3+→紫色淀粉+I2→藍(lán)色
蛋白質(zhì)(含苯環(huán))+濃HNO3→黃色
2生H2
醇:2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑
酚:2苯-OH+2Na→2苯-ONa+H2↑
酸:2CH3COOH+Zn→(CH3COO)2Zn+h2↑3需水浴加熱的反應(yīng)
(1)苯→硝基苯(硝化反應(yīng)):苯+HO-NO2→(濃H2SO4)苯-NO2+H2O(55℃~65℃)(2)銀鏡反應(yīng)
(3)乙酸乙酯水解(70℃~80℃)(4)纖維素水解
(5)酚醛樹脂的制備
(注:上中苯環(huán)全用“苯”字代替,)
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